预算辩论 · 2025-03-04 · 第 14 届国会

新加坡国际争端解决竞争力

Committee of Supply – Head R (Ministry of Law)

AI 治理与监管AI 安全与伦理AI 经济与产业AI 基础设施与研究争议度 3 · 实质辩论

议员质询新加坡如何保持作为国际争端解决中心的竞争优势，特别面对阿布扎比等新兴竞争对手。政府强调新加坡凭借法治、专业人才及创新优势，持续吸引跨境争端案件，并推动调解国际公约。核心争议在于如何应对全球竞争及吸引人才，确保新加坡领先地位不被削弱。

关键要点

• 新加坡国际争端中心地位
• 全球竞争加剧挑战
• 需持续吸引人才投资

政府立场

持续强化法治与创新优势

质询立场

关注竞争压力与人才流失

政策信号

强化国际争端解决能力

"Singapore has to: first, stay open... second, stay ahead of the competition and ahead of the curve."

参与人员（14）

完整译文（中文）

Hansard 英文原文译文 · 翻译日期：2026-05-02

主席：法律部R项负责人。朱卡奈因·阿卜杜勒·拉希姆先生。

下午1时正

新加坡作为国际争议中心

朱卡奈因·阿卜杜勒·拉希姆先生（蔡厝港选区）：主席，我提出动议：“将预算中R项的总拨款减少100元。”

主席，我是一名国际仲裁领域的争议律师。新加坡已坚定地确立了自己作为领先的国际争议解决中心的地位，吸引来自世界各地的当事方，寻求一个中立、高效且值得信赖的场所来解决争议。我们的战略位置、强大的法治环境和世界级的法律机构，使我们成为企业和投资者处理复杂跨境争议时的首选。

仅在2022年，新加坡国际仲裁中心（SIAC）就处理了357起新案件，涉及65个以上司法管辖区的当事方。SIAC的案件量多年来稳步增长，反映了全球商业界的信心。同样，新加坡国际商事法庭（SICC）涉及国际当事方的案件也有所增加，进一步巩固了我们作为商业争议解决可信论坛的声誉。

除了仲裁和诉讼，新加坡在调解领域也处于领先地位。新加坡调解公约已由55个以上国家签署，彰显了我们推动全球友好争议解决的承诺。凭借健全的法律框架、一流的专业人才和对创新的承诺，新加坡将继续作为首屈一指的争议解决中心，在日益复杂的全球商业环境中提供确定性和公正。

多年来，新加坡成功吸引了政府间争议解决机构。常设仲裁法院在新加坡设有办事处。新加坡也是首个与国际海洋法法庭签订示范协议以承办其程序的国家。

然而，我们不能自满。周边多个司法管辖区均有重大进展，人才和争议的新竞争不断涌现。

就在今年，新的阿布扎比国际仲裁中心（Arbitrate AD）成立，推出了强调透明度、高效性和成本效益的新仲裁规则。一个重大变化是，阿布扎比全球市场（ADGM）现为默认仲裁地，除非另有约定，取代了此前的阿布扎比内陆框架。

总理黄循财在农历新年晚宴上提到，新加坡必须：第一，在动荡的经济环境中保持开放，吸引合适的人才和投资；第二，保持领先竞争和走在前沿；第三，同时保持新加坡人的团结。基于此精神，请问尊敬的部长，法律部（MinLaw）在这方面还做了哪些工作以保持我们的竞争优势？MinLaw如何支持法律专业更好地满足现代法律实践的需求，强化新加坡作为领先法律和争议解决中心的地位？

[（程序文本）提案提出。（程序文本）]

加强法治与新趋势

朱卡奈因·阿卜杜勒·拉希姆先生：主席，司法公正必须对普通人真实且有意义，确保法律保护真正惠及最需要帮助的人。新加坡已采取切实措施，尤其在影响日常生活的关键领域，使司法更易获得。

对于家庭和离异母亲，执行赡养令至关重要。2022年，提交了2700多起赡养相关申请。赡养执行程序（MEP）现帮助确保配偶和子女获得其法定应得的经济支持，减少延误和困难。

2023年5月，家庭司法改革法案获议会通过并获得总统批准。该法案旨在：首先，改善家庭司法法院的诉讼程序；其次，强化赡养执行程序。通过该法案拟实施的变革现状如何？

随着网络危害上升，2023年报告案件超过8500起，迅速保护至关重要。《防骚扰法》（POHA）提供针对网络欺凌和骚扰的快速保护令，确保包括弱势群体在内的受害者能迅速寻求救济。

对此，总理宣布将成立新机构处理网络危害，数字发展与信息部（MDDI）与法律部正合作制定相关立法。MinLaw针对网络危害拟采取哪些措施？

对于经济困难者，个人破产制度已改革。2022年虽有1600多起破产令，但许多人受益于债务偿还计划，该计划提供结构化还债方式，避免破产的严重后果。近年来破产申请也有所增加。MinLaw是否认为有必要改革新加坡破产法以应对不断变化的金融环境？

先生，司法必须公平、可及且有效，不仅惠及特权阶层，更惠及普通大众。新加坡致力确保法律保护真正服务于最需要帮助的人。

网络危害

维克拉姆·奈尔先生（实龙岗选区）：主席，互联网进入我们生活不过三十年左右。许多议员可能还记得没有互联网的生活和童年。对今天的孩子来说，这几乎难以想象。随着互联网普及，网络危害的潜力也在增长。刚才内政部（MHA）供应委员会辩论中已讨论了许多发生在线的诈骗问题。

其他网络危害包括接触有害内容或行为，如露骨或暴力材料、网络欺凌和骚扰。屏幕成瘾也是问题，尤其是儿童和青少年；澳大利亚等国已立法限制儿童访问社交媒体。

总理去年10月宣布将成立新机构处理网络危害，为受害者提供一站式服务。他提到MinLaw和MDDI正合作推进该项目。MinLaw和MDDI也曾举行公众咨询以收集反馈。MinLaw能否介绍该计划的最新进展、可能的立法框架及新机构的具体规划？

网络欺凌与网络危害

林标泉先生（马登选区）：先生，2024年7月，有报道称马来西亚一名网络红人因网络欺凌自杀。去年同月，MDDI调查发现74%的互联网用户遭遇过网络欺凌或性内容等有害信息，但仅四分之一举报。

许多使用社交媒体的人都曾遭遇各种网络欺凌。有时欺凌者造谣，有时故意用词羞辱伤人；网络喷子经常暗示你的品格，使用恶毒言辞。欺凌者常藏身匿名之下。这不可接受，尤其对年轻社交媒体用户。为何任何社交媒体用户都应遭受此类欺凌？

2024年10月，张玉娟部长在答复国会质询时表示，政府计划推出新立法和措施，为网络危害受害者提供更强支持和保障。请问法律部能否更新新立法进展？建议禁止任何社交媒体用户使用虚假账户注册。即若有人利用虚假身份进行欺凌或恶言攻击，必须追究其责任。期待有一天社交媒体用户能免受此类欺凌。

应对网络危害

纳迪娅·艾哈迈德·萨姆丁女士（宏茂桥选区）：先生，近年来，网络危害如网络欺凌和未经同意分享亲密影像的严重性和普遍性上升。新加坡通过多项立法建立了应对和减轻网络危害的框架。法律部计划成立专门机构，制定法定侵权行为，揭开匿名面纱，将增强问责并强化相关工作。

请问能否详细说明将为网络危害受害者提供的及时援助性质？例如，该机构是否有权强制删除有害内容？如何加强对弱势受害者如儿童和女性的支持？

该机构还将获授权在特定情况下向受害者披露施害者身份信息。鉴于许多网络平台注册仅需电子邮件地址，实际操作如何实施？若账户用户在海外又如何处理？

最后，应对网络危害必须从源头做起。该机构如何与社区团体合作，教育公众建设性和安全的网络行为？

审前释放

施丽雅·林女士（亚历山大选区）：先生，面临调查或刑事指控的人可能需等待数月甚至数年案件结案。我见过一些低收入新加坡人因此挣扎。比如简单的停车违规通常可缴纳庭外罚款，但若未缴，最终需出庭并需保释人。找不到保释人将导致审前羁押，常引发失业或教育中断，使整个家庭陷入更危险境地。

我曾于2020年11月司法系统动议中提出此问题。去年刑事诉讼法（CPC）修订，明确要求执法机构或法官考虑对较轻罪行被告以个人保证释放，无需保释人，我对此表示鼓励。

先生，CPC第93(1A)和93(1C)条新规定于2024年8月1日生效，已逾六个月，现适合了解是否已有显著成效。执法机构是否有迹象显示更多符合条件者获个人保证释放？法院方面，对被告的释放情况是否也有类似迹象？

主席：请Patrick Tay先生。您可以合并两次发言。

防骚扰法最新情况

郑德源先生（先驱选区）：先生，防骚扰法（POHA）已实施十年，POHA法庭也已设立。请问法律部能否提供POHA案件的提起和调解数量更新？在所有案件中，涉及社区邻里、网络骚扰、性骚扰和职场骚扰的案件分别有多少？法律部如何确保该法庭更高效有效地解决骚扰投诉？

改善民事执行

郑德源先生：先生，我曾协助工会会员和工人在职场纠纷中，案件可能进入民事法院或雇佣申索法庭。问题是他们可能赢得判决，但快乐和宽慰往往短暂。

因为雇主可能无力或不愿支付，受害工人通常是外行，需自行应对复杂的执行程序并承担费用。多数情况下，他们仍需聘请律师，有时还面临漫长的执行过程。

因此，有必要简化、加快和改善民事执行流程和机制，方便受害者追回款项。请问法律部是否计划审视此事，使执行更便捷、经济、高效且减轻工人和外行负担？

执行仲裁裁决

施金丽女士（提名议员）：去年10月，我曾询问法律部是否考虑简化小额索赔和雇佣申索法庭裁决的执行。部长回复称法律部正推进改革，“使民事判决执行更有效、高效和简便。”

执行裁决的挑战最近也在《海峡时报》论坛中被提及。部长能否提供有关解决法院命令不遵守问题的改革最新情况？

下午1时15分

司法可及性

维克拉姆·奈尔先生：主席，近年来司法可及性有显著改善。多亏法律部、律师协会、社区组织以及许多无偿奉献时间和资金的律师的努力。

法律部设立了公设辩护人办公室，这是重大举措，为贫困被告提供刑事辩护服务。

律师协会成立了名为Pro Bono SG的公益机构，通过该机构为需要民事援助者提供法律援助。例如，在海事部门，本地慈善组织“宁静领域”与Pro Bono SG合作，在其场所开设社区法律诊所，将法律援助带入基层。这些都是值得称赞的举措，我想了解法律部是否有进一步计划促进司法可及性？

司法的一个重要方面是判决的易于执行。2024年供应委员会中，法律部提到正在研究改善民事执行框架的方法。对此我将感激任何更新。

最后，多年来法律部简化了破产制度，使个人更易重组债务，也更易解除破产。或许部分原因是这些措施，破产申请数量似乎有所上升。法律部对此有何看法？是否计划对破产制度采取进一步行动？

主席：拉兹瓦娜·贝古姆副教授，您可以合并两次发言。

拉兹瓦娜·贝古姆·阿卜杜勒·拉希姆副教授（提名议员）：先生，司法可及性是公平公正社会的基石，确保个人能通过法律体系保护权利和寻求救济。确保法律服务对所有公民可及且负担得起，不仅增强司法系统信任，也支持国家对正义和平等的承诺，无论背景或境遇如何。

在此背景下，法律部如何应对弱势群体在司法可及性上的障碍？有哪些策略确保他们的声音被听见和保护？有哪些举措使法律信息和资源更易在线获取？如何利用科技简化法律程序，减少司法可及的时间和成本？

调解与恢复性司法

恢复性司法和社区调解在解决社区冲突和处理伤害方面效果显著。与传统惩罚体系不同，恢复性司法侧重于通过让所有利益相关者参与，包括受害者、犯罪者和社区，实现疗愈和重建。调解作为协作工具，促进开放对话和相互理解，达成友好解决方案。这些做法不仅有助于减少再犯，还加强社区纽带，促进更支持和团结的环境。

在此背景下，法律部实施了哪些举措促进社区调解和争议解决？如何应对公众认知和接受度等挑战，鼓励更广泛参与？法律部如何确保法律专业人员获得社区调解和恢复性司法原则的充分培训？法律部与社区组织之间形成了哪些合作伙伴关系，以促进调解和恢复性项目的成功实施？

主席：下一位议员未到。司徒义斌先生。

社区纠纷

司徒义斌先生（波东巴西选区）：主席，我去年供应委员会时曾谈及社区纠纷。正如许多议员所经历的，管理和解决邻里间的纠纷，尤其是住得很近的邻居，是我们社区工作中最具挑战性的方面之一。

此后，我很高兴看到2024年11月《社区纠纷解决（修订）法案》通过。特别是我期待观察新成立的社区关系单位（CRU）效果如何，该单位官员获赋予调查和执法权力，介入邻里纠纷。

在涉及噪音或其他纠纷的争执中，邻里之间往往会互相收集“证据”。这可能包括在深夜录制对方的所谓噪音或活动，甚至在极端情况下，偷偷安装摄像头对准对方的住所。可以预见，这种行为只会使纠纷升级，迅速加剧矛盾，往往会对邻里关系造成无法修复的损害。

有一个客观的仲裁机构，比如社区调解单位（CRU），可以减少居民自行采取极端措施的需要，做出各方都能接受的决定和结果。另一个方面，社区纠纷解决法庭（CDRT）权力的增强，也有望加快有效解决社区纠纷的进程。在此背景下，先生，我想请部长就《社区纠纷解决（修订）法案》通过后，社区调解领域的增强措施实施情况作一更新。

社区司法——避免数字鸿沟

陈武明博士（裕廊）：在线社区司法与法庭系统为能够上网的人带来了便利。那么，对于那些数字技能较弱、文化程度较低或不熟悉英语的长者来说怎么办？如果这些长者想要使用小额索偿法庭、反骚扰法庭或社区司法与法庭系统（CJTS）下的其他服务，该怎么办？这是否意味着数字劣势者在使用这些新数字平台获取社区司法服务时，必然会面临不公平的竞争环境？

先生，数字化不能成为数字鸿沟。数字司法不能成为非信息技术（IT）熟练者的难以获得的司法。我们必须避免数字脱落，即因长者觉得数字流程太难而放弃有理有据的案件。

主席：下一位议员未到。林秀仪女士。

保护创作者的知识产权

林秀仪女士：主席，在新加坡，追求创意职业可能很困难，因为难以获得稳定收入。然而，新加坡的艺术家、作家、电影制作人及其他创意人员能够过上有意义的生活，并支持新加坡艺术文化的发展，这是至关重要的。

为此，我遇到许多创意工作者，如电影制片人和摄影师，他们对自己的权利了解不足，尤其是在知识产权（IP）方面。许多人不知道，根据2021年《版权法》，即使他们的作品是有偿创作，其知识产权仍自动归他们所有。这是一个关键的知识缺口，必须加以解决。随着生成式人工智能（Gen AI）的兴起，未经授权使用受版权保护材料以盈利的情况增多，这一问题变得更加紧迫和重要。

新加坡文学界最近向国家图书馆局发表公开声明，至少有88位本地创意人员签署，反映出对版权作品缺乏尊重及其对艺术职业活力和可持续性的潜在影响的日益关注。

除了推动教育和意识提升外，政府还可以考虑对人工智能模型引入监管，以更好地平衡人工智能开发者与创意人员之间的竞争环境。一些司法管辖区已开始采取行动。例如，欧盟（EU）的《人工智能法》要求生成式人工智能模型证明其符合欧盟版权法，并提供用于训练模型内容的详细摘要。这些义务使版权持有人能够通过选择退出其作品被用于文本和数据挖掘来行使权利。

在这方面，了解是否有针对创意人员的基层推广活动以促进他们对知识产权的理解，将是有益的。此外，法律部和新加坡知识产权局（IPOS）如何应对人工智能带来的版权挑战？

在人工智能时代保护创作者的知识产权

施金丽女士：知识产权局（IPOS）与全国职工总会（NTUC）旗下的视觉、音频及创意内容专业人士协会（新加坡）合作，提高创作者的知识产权意识和能力。同样，对于采用人工智能的公司，法律部将如何指导它们遵守知识产权的伦理和尊重使用？例如，未经许可或补偿，不得使用受版权保护的作品来训练生成式人工智能应用。法律部将如何在促进创新与保护创作者知识产权之间取得平衡？

主席：蔡伟杰先生，请将您的两段发言合并。

知识产权局对中小企业的支持

蔡伟杰先生（提名议员）：主席，我们的中小企业（SMEs）有许多渠道在本地和国际上发展，也有许多有用的资助和不同领域的融资支持。然而，许多中小企业可能不了解如何发掘其无形资产和知识产权的价值。成功的企业应确保保护其品牌价值，这也可能为融资开辟途径。

知识产权局如何在这方面支持中小企业？知识产权局是否与行业协会和商会（TACs）合作，更好地接触新加坡中小企业？

新加坡作为仲裁中心

主席，新加坡已确立自己作为国际仲裁领先地之一。最新报告显示，新加坡已成为领先的仲裁中心。

这带来了从专业到经济的诸多附带利益。然而，其他城市的竞争也很激烈。请问部长，我们采取了哪些措施，未来还可以采取哪些措施，以深化新加坡作为仲裁中心的吸引力？鉴于近期全球和技术的诸多变化，包括更具保护性和不确定性的世界，这将如何影响我们的努力？

企业内部律师和法律助理

郑德源先生：先生，我声明本人为全国职工总会法律总监及新加坡企业法律顾问协会名誉会员。

新加坡的企业内部律师是法律界一个重要且不断增长的群体。企业内部律师人数已超过执业律师人数。这为新加坡企业内部律师在技能和帮助企业自信地在新加坡及全球开展业务方面提供了巨大机遇，同时也有助于为我们的私营执业律师及相关领域带回关键工作。因此，我请求法律部提供当前支持情况及长期计划，进一步提升新加坡企业内部律师的职业健康和发展。

在法律界和生态系统中，我们还有一批法律助理，也称为法律专业人员或律师事务所及企业的法律执行人员。他们许多毕业于淡马锡理工学院及其他教育机构的法律课程。他们也希望提升专业水平、能力和标准，继续教育及职业发展机会。因此，我想了解法律部如何进一步帮助提升法律助理和法律专业人员的职业健康和发展。

支持我们的年轻律师

纳迪亚·艾哈迈德·桑丁女士：主席，我继续在本议院为法学院学生和年轻律师发声。法律行业对初级律师的要求不易。为了跟上行业快速变化的需求，照顾年轻律师并保持强大的人才储备，确保我们的法律培训框架保持稳健和前瞻性至关重要。

根据新的实习培训框架，实习律师必须满足双岗位要求，轮换担任律师岗位和诉讼岗位。对于作为细分业务运营的小型律所，必须安排实习律师轮换到其他律所，以获得第二岗位的经验。

鉴于必须将实习律师轮换出本所，法律部是否了解小型律所承担年轻律师培训和招聘未来人才的能力？是否考虑采取措施支持这些律所应对相关需求？

随着我们作为领先国际仲裁中心的角色日益增长，越来越多来自大陆法系邻国的纠纷可能在新加坡审理。法律部是否考虑进一步深化和拓宽法学院学生和执业者的大陆法系专业知识，以确保我们在国际争端解决领域保持领先？

下午1时30分

国际公约最新情况

乌莎·钱德拉达斯女士（提名议员）：先生，我想了解法律部关于新加坡在三项国际公约上的立场，即2019年7月2日《海牙公约》关于承认和执行民商事外国判决（海牙判决公约）、关于国际遗嘱形式统一法的公约（国际遗嘱公约）以及《海牙公约》关于国际成年人保护。

成为这些公约的签署国可加强新加坡作为全球财富管理和家族办公室中心的地位，提升跨境纠纷的法律确定性，简化国际联系家庭的遗产和继承规划，并为在新加坡但在多个司法管辖区拥有法律或财务利益的弱势群体提供更大保障。希望法律部能就新加坡加入这些公约的正在考虑事项、潜在挑战及时间表提供见解。

优化国家资产

纳迪亚·艾哈迈德·桑丁女士：主席，随着城市生活日益密集，规划良好的社区区域对于打造充满活力和可持续的邻里至关重要。法律部表示已发现优化国家资产以更好满足社区需求并创造更大社会影响的机会。评估哪些国家资产应重新开发时使用了哪些标准？鉴于我们多元的人口结构，考虑了哪些具体社区需求？

法律部是否计划试点社区概念，吸引更广泛的新加坡人群，打造促进有意义互动的动态空间？是否考虑在这些资产中试点共居概念，或为新加坡人创造更多关怀和休闲空间？

新加坡土地管理局（SLA）“将空间重塑为充满活力的场所”计划

蔡伟杰先生：主席，自新加坡土地管理局（SLA）启动“将空间重塑为充满活力的场所”（RSVP）计划以来，部长能否告知是否已有资产成功授予？如果有，数量是多少？

成功租户是否已开始使用这些资产？未来一年是否有资产计划推出？如果有，具体时间是什么？该计划下新增资产的决定是否完全由SLA和城市重建局（URA）决定？

根据迄今为止该计划引发的兴趣，法律部能否说明国家土地的兴趣是否仍倾向于更传统的方式，因为似乎有更多地块以传统方式招标？鉴于艺术、文化和遗产兴趣的增加，SLA是否会对非营利团体和组织的提案给予有利考虑？

一些社区服务组织可能会考虑使用国家资产作为更好连接社区的选项。SLA是否对这类提案持开放态度？例如，创意使用某资产可能使其成为欢迎点，帮助人们了解心理健康或焦虑、抑郁等其他状况等难题。适当地点的使用也可能吸引长者，尤其是如果该资产有有趣的历史，可能有助于唤起美好回忆。

通过技术优化国家资产

朱卡尔南·阿卜杜勒·拉希姆先生：主席，国家土地资产对新加坡的城市规划和经济发展至关重要。新加坡必须最大化土地使用效率。SLA如何成功优化国家资产以满足社区和经济需求？自2023年财政预算案更新以来，数字产权转让门户的发展进展如何？该项目是否仍预计于2026年完成？

主席：法律部长汤英伟先生。

法律部第二部长（汤英伟先生）：主席，今年我们庆祝新加坡建国60周年，回顾我们在逆境中发展、繁荣和兴盛的国家建设努力。

许多因素促成了我们从第三世界到第一世界的转变，其中之一是我们致力于建设强大的法律体系和推进法治。法律部将继续维护这些基本原则，确保经济活力，同时维护社会信任和凝聚力。

感谢各位议员通过发言提出的各种建议，我将在本次发言中回应，内容分为两个大主题：第一，加强新加坡作为国际法律和知识产权中心的地位，以支持经济增长；第二，改善法律程序，增加司法可及性，以维护社区的信任和凝聚力。我的同事，法律部国务部长穆拉利·皮莱，将就优化国家资产使用和防范网络危害发表讲话。

先生，首相已谈及新加坡在当前动荡外部环境中面临的挑战。无疑存在强劲逆风，我们必须谨慎。但同样，在此环境中，如果我们保持对外资的吸引力，维持开放、繁荣的商业环境，也存在机遇。新加坡能够吸引外资的一个原因是对我们法律体系的信心。我的部门致力于通过三个法律支柱维护和增强这种信任，我将简要说明。

首先，不断加强我们所依托的法律框架。我们的策略是发展新领域，以支持新兴产业和不断演变的商业模式，同时继续巩固我们的优势领域。让我简要提及三个方面。

首先是知识产权领域，正如蔡伟杰先生所提。企业的价值越来越体现在知识产权和无形资产上。但要实现这一价值，企业必须能够将无形资产和知识产权货币化。只有这样，它们才愿意进一步投资创新，从而进一步提升企业价值。

新加坡的知识产权制度和创新环境在国际上享有盛誉。2024年，新加坡在世界知识产权组织（WIPO）全球创新指数中排名上升一位，位列全球第四，亚洲第一。根据《新加坡知识产权战略2030》（SIPS 2030），我们专注于激发创新，帮助企业，包括中小企业，发掘无形资产和知识产权的价值。我们支持企业在知识产权旅程的各个阶段。对于有海外扩展计划的企业，知识产权局将于2025年3月与WIPO合作推出“新加坡知识产权管理诊所”计划，提供全面的无形资产和知识产权战略支持，包括为期四个月的专家指导。

针对林秀仪女士的提问，对于创意行业中的小型企业和自由职业者，知识产权局提供简明的信息包和易懂的视频，解释版权并分享使用和保护知识产权的最佳实践。事实上，林女士，我记得当我介绍您提及的法案时，我们也推出了学习辅助材料和这些视频。

此外，知识产权局还与国家艺术理事会（NAC）、国家图书馆局（NLB）以及行业合作伙伴，如新加坡版权许可与管理协会（CLASS）和视觉、音频及创意内容专业人士协会（VICPA）合作，提供额外支持。

就在去年2024年8月，知识产权局与VICPA签署了为期三年的谅解备忘录，支持创意产业在知识产权教育、管理和能力建设方面的发展。知识产权局还与NAC和NLB合作制作音乐行业创意人员参与的视频播客，计划于今年4月26日世界知识产权日推出。

知识产权局还积极支持合作伙伴举办的活动，如国际复制权组织联合会（IFRRO）世界大会，讨论版权相关问题和发展，该活动将于今年10月举行。

换言之，从基础产业层面到提升我们在全球思想领导力的层面，这些都是提升该领域意识和教育的努力组成部分。我们确实会寻找更多机会接触创作者，提高他们在这一快速发展的环境中的意识。

对于希望商业化其无形资产和知识产权的企业，知识产权局正与本地及国际合作伙伴共同制定可国际互操作的无形资产估值指南。我们计划于2025年上半年就无形资产估值指南草案征求公众意见。国务部长穆拉利·皮莱将就技术发展及其对知识产权的影响发表讲话。

我想谈的第二个支柱是争议解决。我们都知道，企业在经营过程中时不时会遇到与他人的争议。这实际上是做生意的一部分。但这些争议必须以公开、透明且高效的方式解决。

多年来，我们不断更新制度，提升服务。简而言之，我们采取以企业为中心的方法。我们使制度与国际标准接轨。我们开发了完整的选项，无论是仲裁、调解、诉讼，还是它们的组合，使当事方能够根据其需求的性质及交易的具体情况自主选择。我们也尊重当事方的自主权，无论是法律选择、审理地点、机构、解决方式，还是律师选择。

总体而言，新加坡表现良好。以新加坡国际商事法院（SICC）为例，今年庆祝成立十周年。其案件量稳步增长，包括新案件的提交。新加坡国际仲裁中心（SIAC）和新加坡国际调解中心（SIMC）在仲裁和调解领域的案件量也呈现总体上升趋势。事实上，许多案件与新加坡的联系甚少。

针对蔡凯思先生的提问，我们将继续加强我们的机构。

首先，通过拥抱科技，为用户提供增值服务。据我们所知，SIAC是唯一获得信息安全管理体系ISO 27001认证的仲裁中心。SIMC拥有调解人工智能助手，麦克斯韦尔法院配备了先进的无人机摄像和全息显示技术，辅助证据展示及听证会中的争议解决。

其次，提供平台，展示新加坡在该领域的思想领导力。各位议员应知，我们在新加坡举办了许多国际会议，如自2019年起举办的新加坡调解公约周，始于新加坡调解公约启动之初并持续至今。我们还有新加坡-中国国际商事争议解决会议，每年举办一次，一年在中国，一年在新加坡。今年晚些时候将在新加坡举办。这些活动不仅为顶尖专家讨论最新发展提供平台，也为新加坡律师与全球社区建立联系提供机会。

第三，在债务重组和破产领域。这是一个运作良好且发展完善的经济体的重要组成部分。它为陷入财务困境的公司、小型企业和创业者提供切实可行的商业选项，赋予灵活性和现实的重组方案。成功的重组不仅使债务人能够继续经营，还通常为员工、债权人和投资者带来更好的结果。

我的部委在过去十年中完善了这一框架，下面我谈谈该框架的三个部分。

首先是企业破产。我们借鉴了领先且经过验证的模式的特点，例如大约六七年前引入的美国破产法第11章。我们采纳了联合国国际贸易法委员会（UNCITRAL）跨境破产示范法；并明确了SICC对涉及多司法管辖区案件的管辖权，这在大型跨境重组中尤为突出。我们引入了简化破产程序，为实体提供更简单、更快捷、更经济的流程。各位议员应知，我们最初在新冠疫情期间作为临时措施引入，且今年早些时候已将其永久化，以惠及更多公司。

最后是个人破产。我们设立了差异化的破产解除框架。这是一种康复性制度，旨在鼓励财务谨慎，同时不扼杀创业精神。

我们建立了一个平衡债务人和债权人利益的制度，维护健康的贷款环境以支持持续经济增长，同时支持从个体创业者到大型企业的各类债务人，无论本地还是外国。

这导致新加坡框架的使用日益增长。例如，航运公司太平洋国际航运和越南开发商诺瓦地产的案件均在SICC审理。

针对朱卡奈因先生和维克拉姆·奈尔先生的提问，我们不会自满。我们正基于这些案件和从业者的经验，认真研究下一轮改进，考虑反馈，并将考虑引入进一步的提升措施。

下午1时45分

我们正在考虑的改进措施包括以下内容。

首先是个人债务偿还计划（DRS）。法务部正着手防止债务人在商业机构建议下不负责任借贷后自行申请破产，滥用DRS。

其次是在企业救助工具领域，特别是司法管理。我们还将审查现行的第11章制度，评估是否需要调整。2023年，即两年前，我们成立了加强新加坡企业重组与破产（R&I）制度委员会。该委员会进行了激烈讨论，咨询了利益相关者，讨论了我提及的近期案件，并就建议进行了咨询，预计将很快发布报告。

接下来，我谈第二个支柱：扩展和提升我们的法律能力和素质。

先生，世界日益复杂，法律工作显然不再受地理界限限制。正如朱卡奈因先生所说，为了使我们的律师事务所和法律专业人士有效竞争，他们必须跟上新兴趋势，提供独特优势，我们对此表示认同。

为提升培训质量和一致性，我们于2024年7月根据律师专业培训委员会的建议实施了多项变革。律师资格考试B部分课程大纲扩大，涵盖更广泛主题。实习培训期延长至一年，让实习律师有更多时间接触不同执业领域，建立坚实的全面基础，开启执业生涯。

针对纳迪娅·萨姆丁女士的观点，我们认识到小型律所有时需要支持以应对这些变化，非常感谢萨姆丁女士持续为年轻律师发声。

新加坡法律教育学院和律师公会发布了指南，帮助实习律师和指导律师适应这些变化。正如萨姆丁女士所知，我们走上这条路还不到一年，因此我们将吸纳小型律所年轻律师的经验。目前指南涵盖酬金和休假等方面。律师公会还在其网站公布了可用的实习岗位，方便实习律师寻找不同执业领域的实习机会。律师公会还提供职业咨询、导师指导和实习合同指导，并将在必要时实施其他措施。

除了提升专业标准，我们还致力于转变思维和提升技能，尤其是在技术领域。法律行业中，人工智能有潜力以远低于时间和成本的方式完成初级律师的任务。例如，汤森路透报告估计，到2029年，人工智能可为专业人士每周节省多达12小时。但我们不应将其视为威胁，而应视为律师向价值链上游迈进的机会，专注于更高价值的前台和客户工作。

全球范围内，美国和英国等领先法域的律所正积极采用和利用法律科技支持工作。为与之竞争，我们的律师也必须保持开放心态，拥抱法律科技。

2022年，我们推出了法律科技平台（LTP），为有需求的律所提供现成的事项管理和协作工具。2024年，生成式人工智能（Gen AI）作为Copilot功能加入，为新加坡律所服务。

我们还通过补贴降低新加坡律所使用法律科技的成本。我们理解初期投入或使用成本可能很高。例如，2022年我们推出了法律行业生产力解决方案补助（PSG-Legal），提供70%的支持，最长两年。自2025年4月1日起，支持水平调整为50%，为期一年，以与其他行业保持一致。截至目前，新加坡律所已成功申请超过70个PSG-Legal项目，涵盖400多个法律科技账户。

今年下半年，我们将试点变革管理计划。我们听到一些律所反馈，他们需要更多支持以改善技术流程，同时兼顾现有优先事项。因此，我们将派遣法律科技顾问到有意参与试点的律所，诊断其技术需求，并根据其执业领域推荐合适工具。

我还想谈谈民法领域。新加坡是普通法辖区，但我们的主要贸易伙伴多来自民法辖区，如中国和印度尼西亚。这些是拥有巨大机遇的大市场。

因此，为了更好地定位我们的律师，我们将深化法学院课程中的民法内容。我们还将继续开展“准备中国”项目和新加坡-上海律师交流项目，帮助律师深入了解中国的商业和法律环境。如果其他市场和法域有类似需求，我们也乐于考虑。

先生，律师持续终身学习的文化非常重要。执业环境在演变，执业领域快速变化，法律研究及其在产业中的实践和应用的思想领导力也在迅速发展。为鼓励这一点，我们更新了持续专业发展（CPD）体系，并将分阶段提高CPD要求。律师可利用技能未来基金资助许多课程。

除了律师，辅助法律专业人士和企业内部律师也是法律行业的重要组成部分，正如泰瑞克·泰先生刚才提到的。新加坡法律学院正与律师公会、新加坡企业内部律师协会及淡马锡理工学院合作，制定法律服务技能框架和培训路线图。未来几年将分阶段先为律师推出，随后为企业内部律师和辅助法律专业人士推出。淡马锡理工学院还将为辅助法律专业人士开设法律科技和法律项目管理新课程。根据反馈，这些是参与者和学生感兴趣的领域，因此将开发相关模块。

先生，第三个支柱是保持对世界的开放。作为一个小型城邦，我们需要融入全球经济。为此，我们必须加强网络建设，与他人合作。这对我们来说是双赢局面：帮助合作伙伴从新加坡实现目标，同时将原本可能不在新加坡的工作带入新加坡司法管辖区。

多年来，我们加强了与关键及新兴市场的法律合作。举例来说，去年我们签署了四份谅解备忘录（MOU）——两份与沙特阿拉伯，一份与印度，一份与哈萨克斯坦——进一步拓展了全球影响力，进入新市场。我去年也多次出访，建立联系，帮助我们的律所和律师开拓这些市场。

正如朱卡奈因先生指出的，我们还加大力度将多边争议解决机构落户新加坡，这些机构处理涉及主权利益的争议。这有助于国际法治，也提升了新加坡作为顶级争议解决中心的吸引力。

让我给朱卡奈因先生举几个例子。

首先，常设仲裁法院（PCA）是一个为国家提供仲裁及其他争议解决服务的政府间组织，正在新加坡扩大其影响力，获得我们的支持。新加坡是其在亚洲的首个实体办公室，自2018年成立以来，过去五年内至2023年，新加坡办公室已管理超过135起案件。

其次，我们已与国际投资争端解决中心（ICSID）签署谅解备忘录，正推动ICSID在新加坡设立其总部华盛顿特区外的首个实体办公室。我们也持续欢迎国际律所和外国律师在新加坡设立据点。

自1990年代以来，新加坡逐步放宽法律行业限制，惠及新加坡及新加坡人。多年来，我们推出多种计划，允许外国律所与本地律所合作，合作程度根据外国律师与本地同行的需求调整。这些计划取得成功，但我们将继续审视，必要时完善框架，并考虑如何合理化和简化，目标之一是减轻律所遵守这些计划的监管负担。

我们于2023年成立的审查新加坡律所及合作监管框架委员会预计将很快完成工作。

我还要补充，我们不会改变开放姿态。我们仍欢迎外国律所和律师，同时致力于维护新加坡法律职业的核心。

主席先生，我们的工作总体上促进了经济发展，便利企业，吸引投资，使新加坡繁荣发展。总体来看，我们在这方面取得了成功。2024年，新加坡在世界竞争力排名中位列第一，商业效率排名第一。2023年，世界银行数据显示，新加坡在外国直接投资净流入方面排名第二，仅次于美国。因此，我所述的措施总体上成功提升了新加坡的商业环境。

主席先生，我演讲的第二部分将聚焦国内背景。近年来，许多国家社会结构承受压力，出现分裂，部分群体感到被排斥，对机构的信任减弱。

在新加坡，我们幸运地保持团结；但我们绝不能对此掉以轻心。我们的社会凝聚力基于法治和司法可及性，这些是社会的核心支柱。因此，我们必须继续强化这些基本要素，以维护社会信任和凝聚力，并提升民众生活。我们的法律构成社会的基石——决定社会如何有序、如何运作、成员如何行为和互动。

在我们的社区中，当个人或企业之间发生摩擦时，他们有多种方式解决争议和分歧。这包括向公正的裁判者申诉或与可信赖的调解员合作，通过此过程，当事方陈述观点，寻求冲突解决。执行是这一过程的关键部分，正如部分议员所提——“最后一公里”，当事方实现权利，获得救济，然后继续前行。这一直是我部关注的重点。当一方获得判决时，必须有效执行，否则判决仅是纸上谈兵。

因此，我们一直致力于加强两个关键领域的执行：第一是家庭司法；第二是民事判决。

让我向各位议员汇报这两个领域的最新进展。

先生，家庭是我们社区的基石。关系破裂时，我们希望帮助减少敌意，使当事方得以疗愈并继续前行。一个重要改进是设立了赡养费执行程序（MEP），正如朱卡奈因先生所强调的。

遗憾的是，赡养令不履行的情况仍然较高，且存在大量重复执行申请。

因此，在MEP下，赡养费执行官（MEO）有权获取当事方的财务状况信息，这些信息将帮助法院作出更有效的赡养费执行命令。他们还可以促成双方和解，鼓励更可持续的结果和判决。MEP已于今年一月投入运行。法务部新成立的MEO团队已开始受理案件，并将分阶段逐步扩大业务。

针对郑国辉先生和施淑恩女士的提问，法律部也将推出改革措施，使民事判决的执行更加有效、简便和高效。

我们收到反馈，执行判决所需的时间、精力和费用——正如郑先生所说——有时与判决金额不成比例。我们正着手解决这些问题，赋予法院更大的权力，以识别判决债务人的资产和收入来源，并引入新的执行方式，以威慑和惩罚不遵守法院命令的行为。我们还将设立新的民事判决执行官，专门协助希望执行其民事判决的诉讼当事人。

这些改革将适用于我们的民事法院，包括以下法庭：泰先生提到的雇佣申索法庭；社区纠纷解决法庭；以及小额索偿法庭。

先生，正如各位议员所知，这些拟议的变更是新颖的。它们偏离了现有的执法框架。我们目前正在研究、评估这些变更，并与相关方进行磋商，包括律师公会成员和司法机构。随着研究的完成，更多细节将在适当时候公布。

先生，我们不断努力改善司法的可及性，特别是针对最弱势群体。这确保他们能够获得帮助，没有人被落下。

对于Vikram Nair先生和Razwana副教授的提问，法律部（MinLaw）有着悠久的历史，一直处于在民事和刑事领域提供援助和帮助的前沿，包括通过法律援助局（Legal Aid Bureau，LAB）等项目；以及最近成立的公共辩护办公室（Public Defender's Office，PDO）。

下午2点

自1958年以来，法律援助局（LAB）为弱势群体提供民事法律援助，包括婚姻、金钱索赔以及遗嘱认证等事务。除了处理法律案件外，法律援助局还加强了与社区的联系，例如组织家庭律师与社会服务专业人员之间的交流会。

法律部一直支持由Pro Bono SG管理的刑事法律援助计划（CLAS），并自2015年起直接为其提供资金。从2022年12月起，辩护律师办公室（PDO）开始运作，以促进更多被告人获得司法公正。

先生，公共辩护办公室（PDO）多年来不断发展壮大。如今，PDO拥有一支由22名公共辩护律师组成的团队。2024年，PDO共收到近1900份申请，其中约有1000份被评估为符合资格。这些符合资格的申请中有一部分被转介给法律援助与咨询服务（CLAS），CLAS和PDO共同服务于社会中最脆弱的群体。这种合作关系体现了法律界的公益精神——这是政府与公益新加坡（Pro Bono SG）之间的合作，公益新加坡是真正的草根组织，得到了许多私营部门律师的支持。

这有助于我们确保法律援助不仅在刑事领域内保持可及性（由CLAS和PDO负责），而且在民事领域也同样如此。去年，我们更新了人均家庭收入（PCHI）和年值（AV）的资格标准，以确保鉴于近年来家庭收入和房产价值的增长，我们能够继续服务于目标群体和需要帮助的个人。我们会持续审查这些门槛，确保其保持合理。

先生，在我结束之前，请允许我简要谈一下社区纠纷——这是司徒一斌先生提出的一个话题，我几个月前在介绍该法案时也曾广泛讨论过。

针对薛奕彬先生的询问，这些改进措施将很快实施。社区关系组（CRU）试点项目，包括针对严重噪音和囤积案件的定向调解，将于今年第二季度在淡滨尼启动。试点结束后，我们将考虑如何在全岛范围内可持续地推广这一流程。

关于调解，正如拉兹瓦娜副教授所提到的，社区调解中心（CMC）继续通过社交媒体以及日常广告渠道（例如我们在公交车站看到的广告）来推广调解的好处，以便接触那些可能需要了解这些计划的人。为了应对预期的案件量增加，已确定约30名值班调解员负责处理指定的调解案件。CMC还将卫星调解点的数量从2023年的10个增加到2025年的18个。这将带来更多便利并提高可及性。

先生，请允许我在结束时说几句话。我已经谈到了我们在促进经济增长以及维护社会信任和凝聚力方面的方法。这是我们法律部工作的两个非常重要的成果。新加坡的成功基于我们强大的法律体系，这一体系以法治为基础。这对于我们法律部所做的所有工作来说，都是绝对不可谈判的原则。

在此，我想通知各位议员，我们将在明年纪念新加坡现代法律体系通过第二份司法宪章建立的200周年。那是在1826年——明年将是200周年。将举办一系列活动以纪念这一时刻。更多细节将在适当时候公布。希望各位议员明年能够参与并支持这些项目和活动。

主席：国务部长穆拉利·皮莱。

法律国务部长（穆拉利·皮莱先生）：先生，我想首先表达我对各位议员在本次辩论中提出的意见和发言的感谢。我将涵盖三个广泛领域：第一，审慎且富有创意地利用国家资产；第二，防范新兴技术带来的社会问题；第三，保障司法公正。

新加坡土地管理局（SLA）确保土地资源的有效和富有创意的利用。针对朱卡奈因先生和娜迪娅·萨姆丁女士的提问，这一工作是通过积极主动的参与，培养对社会和社区需求的良好理解来实现的。例如，SLA与国家志愿者与慈善中心以及社区实体如新希望合作，了解他们在寻找合适空间时面临的挑战。通过这些交流，SLA识别出新兴需求，如银发共居和社区空间的需求。

首先，为了应对新加坡老年人对独立生活日益增长的需求，土地管理局（SLA）启用了国有物业，如Hindoo路79至95号、Evans路26号和Henderson路98号。在此基础上，土地管理局计划于今年第一季度启动招标，涉及位于Admiralty Road East的20处历史遗产物业，用于多代同堂共居。那些提出全面规划并强调促进独立老年生活的代际共居方案将获得优先考虑。

第二，新加坡土地管理局（SLA）正在激活具有潜力促进社区融合的国家物业。一个例子是将麦克斯韦尔路30号改造为健康与健身中心，这是与城市重建局（URA）联合发起的“将空间重塑为充满活力的场所”计划的一部分，正如蔡伟杰先生所提到的。另一个例子是将位于普林塞普街11号的前选举部办公室改造为名为“The Foundry”的社会影响力中心，该中心于去年开始运营。

此外，新加坡土地管理局（SLA）将修复并重新利用东海岸路1号楼（1ECR），用于社区和社会用途。翻新的空间将提供支持青年的项目和培训，以及适合各年龄层的休闲活动。SLA于2024年9月招标，聘请一个多学科顾问团队，提供增建和改造工程的咨询服务，预计于2028年完成。

新加坡土地管理局（SLA）将继续与各机构合作，引入更多国家财产用于经济和社会用途。通过推出更多价格-质量招标，SLA将能够更好地策划场所营造工作，以惠及社区。

除了优化国家资产的使用外，我们还利用技术实现交易的数字化。新加坡目前的产权转让系统依赖于实体文件和流程，且需要大量人力。因此，土地管理局（SLA）一直在开发数字产权转让门户（DCP）。该门户是一个完全集成的数字化端到端产权转让流程，适用于所有类型的物业，从购房意向书（OTP）阶段到法律完成阶段。它还将支持电子支付和数字文件。

当数字契约平台（DCP）投入运行时，将为所有相关方提供更大的便利，包括买家和卖家、律师事务所、房地产专业人士、金融机构和开发商。我们正在对该系统进行严格测试，并征求行业反馈意见，包括关于DCP各阶段的优先顺序以及相关技术的持续发展。

DCP的第一阶段重点是私人住宅转售交易，这类交易占私人房地产交易的一半以上。OTP流程的测试版于2024年11月与选定的利益相关者开始。私人住宅转售市场的OTP正式交易计划于2025年初作为试点启动。DCP的功能和交易类型将在后续阶段逐步扩展。

即使技术变得不可或缺，我们也意识到它带来了问题，尤其是版权问题。我们的知识产权制度通过赋予创作者对其作品使用的一系列权利来激励新作品的创作，同时允许第三方，包括其他创作者和创新者，合理访问这些作品，以便他们在此基础上进行创作。通过这种方式，我们通过平衡的方法最大化创造性和创新性的产出。

林秀霞女士和施淑仪女士询问了人工智能背景下的平衡问题。虽然知识产权制度允许使用受版权保护的材料进行数字创新，但我们已设定条件以保护权利持有人的合法权益。特别是，如果使用版权材料来训练人工智能模型，这些材料必须是合法获取的。例如，对于付费墙后的材料，必须通过付费访问。此外，权利持有人可以利用版权保护制度，对生成或使用与其作品实质相似的内容采取行动。

我们认识到，诸如生成式人工智能等技术对许多利益相关者产生了重大影响。政府仍然致力于与创意社区合作，解决他们的关切。政府正在与包括作家、出版商、唱片公司和创意机构在内的创意领域利益相关者进行持续的沟通。

收到的一些建议包括提高版权材料用于人工智能训练的透明度，以及让权利持有人对其材料的使用拥有更多控制权。我们正在研究这些建议。例如，我们正在与医疗器械发展局（MDDI）和信息通信媒体发展局（IMDA）探讨，在我们的人工智能治理政策和工具中支持透明度措施和尊重版权，例如IMDA即将发布的针对生成式人工智能模型开发者和应用部署者的安全指南。

法律部和新加坡知识产权局（IPOS）将继续与利益相关者合作，保持支持创造力和创新的适当平衡。

我们还关注技术对法律行业的影响。法律专业人士应安全且负责任地使用生成式人工智能工具，同时我们也鼓励其采用。

设立护栏的必要性显而易见，原因有三：第一，生成式人工智能可能会给出不准确的回答或产生幻觉；第二，安全和隐私问题——一些生成式人工智能模型可能会存储用户信息和搜索历史以训练模型，而这些信息随后可能会在对其他用户的回答中被再现；第三，随着不同程序员快速开发生成式人工智能，伦理问题日益突出，因此必须在原则、伦理和规则指导的框架内开发生成式人工智能工具。

鉴于此背景，法律部正在制定指导方针，指导法律专业人士成为生成式人工智能工具的聪明买家和用户。我们已咨询了新加坡法院、律师协会和信息通信媒体发展局等利益相关方，并将在适当时候咨询业界。

数字化的另一个方面是对用户和我们社区的新兴威胁。林标泉先生、维克拉姆·奈尔先生、朱卡奈因先生和娜迪娅·萨姆丁女士询问了政府打击网络危害的努力。

政府已采取重大措施应对网络危害的普遍存在。其中包括2014年颁布《防止骚扰法》（POHA），并于2019年加强该法，为受害者提供针对骚扰（包括网络骚扰）的法律救济；以及颁布《网络安全及其他（修订）法案》和《网络刑事危害法》，以便政府对有害内容采取行动。

然而，网络危害仍然是许多人关注的领域——各位议员在他们的发言中也提到了这一点。

MDDI在2024年的一项调查发现，三分之二的受访者在社交媒体上遇到过有害内容。网络伤害对年轻人，尤其是年轻女性来说，是一个特别严重的问题。在SG Her Empowerment（SHE）2023年的一项研究中，超过半数年龄在15至24岁之间的受访者报告曾亲身经历过网络虐待。这一比例高于其他任何年龄组。在该年龄组中，年轻女性成为性骚扰受害者的可能性几乎是男性的两倍。40%的网络骚扰受害者报告经历了严重的情绪和心理困扰，包括抑郁和自残。

法律部和多元文化发展局一直在研究仍然存在的差距。我们广泛咨询了社区团体，如与青少年、妇女和女孩合作的团体；专家；科技公司；以及司法机构。

下午2时15分

确定的主要缺口是需要一个简单快捷的程序来寻求在线伤害的救济。法院程序可能令人生畏且难以应对。对于现有法律是否能用来应对新出现的伤害存在不确定性，而且由于肇事者往往匿名，缺乏问责机制。

为了解决这些不足，法律部和MDDI正在合作制定新的立法，涵盖三个大方面。首先，将设立一个新的机构，能够迅速处理有关网络伤害的投诉。MDDI将分享更多关于该机构的细节，以及其应对网络伤害的一些更广泛的努力。

第二，它将规定法定侵权行为，以明确法律涵盖的在线伤害类型，以及在线生态系统中各方的权利和义务。这些法定侵权行为将为受害者提供明确的法律依据，以追究对其所受伤害负责的人的责任。我们打算让这些法定侵权行为适用于一系列严重的在线伤害，包括网络骚扰、亲密影像滥用和儿童虐待材料。

第三，它将引入新的机制，以应对网络伤害行为者滥用匿名性的情况。正如Nadia Samdin女士和其他人正确指出的那样——如果目的是增强问责制，首先必须有足够的信息。受害者可以申请查明行为者的用户信息。受害者可能需要知道这些信息，以便考虑法律诉讼，更好地保护自己免受行为者的侵害。

提供此类信息将受到保障措施的约束，以防止滥用。该信息不应用于进行“反击”。利益相关者，如科技公司，也表达了一些保留意见——主要是关于此类措施将如何影响他们的业务。我们将与他们密切合作，以缓解他们的担忧。我们将在适当时候公布更多细节。政府致力于确保受害者在遭受网络伤害时能够获得便捷且有效的救济。

在细分方面，自2021年6月1日公共卫生中心（PHC）开始运营至2024年12月31日，共提交了2,023份保护令（PO）申请，涉及以下类型的骚扰投诉：（a）760起涉及网络欺凌；（b）719起涉及人肉搜索；（c）485起涉及职场骚扰；（d）253起涉及性骚扰；（e）122起涉及债务催收员、放贷人或债权人的骚扰。总数为2,339起，尽管申请数量为2,023份，因为一份申请中可能包含多种类型的骚扰投诉。

我现在转向林淑仪女士关于刑事案件中个人保证金的查询——这是《刑事诉讼程序（杂项修正）法案2024》中的一项修正。该修正允许被控非保释罪行且最高刑期可达七年的被告人以个人保证金获释，作为保释的替代方案。此前，被控此类罪行的人只能在等待调查或审判期间通过保释获释。如果他们无法找到保释人，即使被提供保释，也会被还押。

通过这项修正，他们在适当情况下可以自行提供保证金获释。正如尊敬的议员所提，这减少了对他们生活和赚钱能力的干扰。自2024年8月实施该修正以来，已有超过100名被告因非保释罪行而获准以个人保证金获释。个人保证金制度是新的，尚处于初期阶段。我们将继续审视有关拘留和保释的政策。

最后，我谈谈我们在确保司法可及性方面的工作。第二法律部长Edwin提到了公共辩护人办公室和法律援助局的良好工作。法律部也正与各合作伙伴合作，通过技术手段增加司法可及性。

值得注意的是，我们与Pro Bono SG合作开发了LawGoWhere。该平台于去年三月推出，是一个一站式门户，整合了法律信息、法律服务和法律意识资源的获取。

今年，将整合法律帮助查找功能，使用户更容易寻求法律信息。用户可以输入邮政编码和法律问题等信息，获得法律援助选项，例如最近的法律诊所。

尽管技术使用日益增加，我们也关注数字鸿沟，正如Tan Wu Meng博士所指出的。针对他的提问，已采取措施确保司法对所有人都可及，无论其对技术的熟悉程度如何。例如，遇到法院电子服务（如社区司法与法庭系统）困难的个人，可以拨打州法院热线联系他们，也可以前往州法院业务中心使用数字终端，或如需帮助，可到州法院服务中心寻求协助。

主席先生，临近结束，我感谢各位议员的发言。Usha Chandradas女士谈到了可能的法律改革领域。鉴于已列出的繁重工作，一些审查需要更多时间仔细考虑。我从社会及家庭发展部了解到，2000年《保护成年人公约》亦是如此。Razwana教授也谈到了累犯问题，内政部在其部长办公会中已有涵盖。

主席先生，最后，第二法律部长Edwin Tong谈到了法律及法律程序对实现新加坡良好成果的重要性，这一切以法治为基础。他还谈及我们在动荡的外部环境中，推动经济增长的努力和方法。我们将加强法律框架，使其对商业友好且具有前瞻性，特别是在知识产权、争议解决以及债务重组和破产领域。

此外，第二法律部长Tong阐述了我们提升律师事务所和法律专业人士能力的举措——通过采用法律科技、促进进入海外市场以及提升整个行业各领域以培养新能力。

随后，他谈到了家庭司法和民事执行的执法机制；以及帮助社会中最弱势群体获得法律系统的途径。他还提供了社区纠纷管理框架的最新情况。

最后，他宣布庆祝新加坡现代法律体系建立200周年。

我已介绍了新加坡土地管理局优化国家资产使用以满足不断变化需求的努力，以及数字产权转让门户的进展；我们维护支持创造力和创新的稳健平衡知识产权制度的努力；确保法律专业安全、负责任地使用生成式人工智能；加强保护弱势群体的网络新立法；骚扰保护法庭的最新情况；个人保证金改革的实施；以及利用技术促进司法可及性同时防止数字鸿沟。

这些共同构成了我们共享公共生活的基础。法律是在本议院共同制定并获得合法性的，但只有在这些规则的生活化和实践中，我们国家才能赋予其生命。

主席：我们有时间进行澄清。Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim先生。

Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim先生：谢谢主席。我有两组问题：一组给Edwin Tong部长，另一组给Murali Pillai国务部长。

关于部长，关于债务偿还计划。我非常欢迎法律部正在完善债务偿还计划的做法，目前该计划容易被滥用。我知道有债务人会聘请第三方咨询公司，这些公司收费极高。实际上，债务人自己还被要求再贷款来支付这些服务费用。所以，我想请问部长，从监管角度看，法律部如何计划加强对第三方债务咨询公司的监管，以防止误导和剥削债务人？

在公众方面，法律部是否考虑与其他部委或社会服务机构合作，为债务人提供准确可靠的财务指导，保护他们免受此类公司的剥削？我认为公众意识非常关键。

关于Murali国务部长，关于数字办公室在安全和网络危害方面与MDDI的潜在合作。我们注意到数字办公室可能面临的挑战，如跟不上新技术、高量有害内容以及匿名滥用。我的问题是技术性问题，关于法定侵权行为的管辖权。我了解到法律部将推出一整套法定侵权行为，但这些是否也将遵循冲突法中的双重可诉性规则？例如，该侵权行为是否需要在新加坡和侵权发生地国家均可诉——即侵权地法（lex loci delicti）和审理地法（lex fori）的问题。

Edwin Tong Chun Fai先生：主席，感谢Zhulkarnain先生对拟议计划的支持。确实如此，讽刺的是，有些债务人咨询这些公司，结果反而陷入更深的债务泥潭，因为他们试图解决债务问题。我们对此非常关注，将采取措施寻找手段打击这些公司的不当行为。

正如Zhulkarnain先生所指出，公众意识确实关键。我们将大幅加强提高公众意识的措施，方法包括：首先，在法律部网站上发布信息，增强其信息量和用户友好性。

其次，我们计划发布指南，帮助债务人了解破产申请流程，指导他们采取步骤，尽量避免依赖债务咨询公司协助文书工作。我们将尽可能简化流程，并发布逐步指南，帮助他们避免求助这些公司。

最后，我们还将考虑主动接触债务人，例如将强制信用咨询作为提交破产申请的前提条件，先行教育他们，提高对流程的认识，尽量劝阻他们转向债务咨询公司。

Murali Pillai先生：主席，关于Zhulkarnain先生关于管辖权的问题，正如我在发言中提到的，设立法定侵权行为主要是为受害者提供民事诉讼理由。管辖权基于现有法院的民事管辖权，范围相当广泛。至于双重可诉性规则，涉及海外侵权行为是否可在本地追诉，是否适用取决于现行规则。

主席：Sylvia Lim女士。

Sylvia Lim女士：谢谢主席。我有两个澄清问题，关于Murali国务部长提到的刑事诉讼法修订，涉及审前释放。早前他提到，自8月1日新规定生效以来，约有100人被以个人保证金释放，而非保释。我想请他确认这是否是执法部门和法院的合计数字，这是第一个问题。

第二个问题是，如果是这样，六个月100人，平均每月约16人，我认为数字相当低。对此，他能否确认是否有持续培训，特别是对执法部门，关于如何使用这项新规定？

Murali Pillai先生：主席，关于Lim女士的问题，我理解这是法院案件相关数据，但我可以核实并另行澄清。[请参阅《法律国务部长澄清》，官方报告，2025年3月4日，第95卷，第157期，澄清部分。]

主席：还有其他澄清吗？Lim女士。

Sylvia Lim女士：谢谢主席。跟进一下，我想知道是否有持续培训我们的执法人员，教他们如何在适用案件中使用这项新规定。

Murali Pillai先生：主席，这属于内政部职责范围。当然，我们可以转达这方面的反馈。

下午2点30分

主席：还有其他议员要澄清吗？如果没有，我请Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim先生撤回你的修正案。

Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim先生：主席，感谢Edwin Tong部长和Murali Pillai国务部长的清晰澄清和对法律部及新加坡同胞的规划。法律是工具，司法是理想。感谢法律部工作人员为新加坡人实现司法可及性理想所做的努力。现请求撤回我的修正案。

[（程序文本）修正案，经许可，撤回。（程序文本）]

[（程序文本）R项下3亿5644万1800元列入主要预算。（程序文本）]

[（程序文本）R项下1亿3897万3500元列入发展预算。（程序文本）]

英文原文

SPRS Hansard 原始记录 · 抓取日期：2026-05-02

The Chairman : Head R, Ministry of Law. Mr Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim.

1.00 pm

Singapore as an International Dispute Hub

Mr Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim (Chua Chu Kang) : Chairman, I move, "That the total sum to be allocated for Head R of the Estimates be reduced by $100."

Chairman, I am a disputes lawyer in an international arbitration practice. Singapore has firmly established itself as a leading international dispute resolution hub, attracting parties from all over the world seeking a neutral, efficient and trusted venue for resolving their disputes. Our strategic location, strong rule of law and world-class legal institutions make us the preferred choice for businesses and investors navigating complex cross-border disputes.

In 2022 alone, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) handled 357 new cases, with parties from over 65 jurisdictions. SIAC's caseload has grown steadily over the years, reflecting the confidence of the global business community. Similarly, the Singapore International Commercial Court (SICC) has seen an increase in cases involving international parties, reinforcing our reputation as a trusted forum for commercial dispute resolution.

Beyond arbitration and litigation, Singapore is also a leader in mediation. The Singapore Convention on Mediation, signed by more than 55 countries, highlights our commitment to promoting amicable dispute resolution worldwide. With a robust legal framework, top-tier professionals and a commitment to innovation, Singapore will continue to serve as a premier dispute resolution hub, offering certainty and fairness in an increasingly complex global business environment.

Singapore has, over the years, succeeded in attracting inter-governmental dispute resolution institutions. The Permanent Court of Arbitration has an office here in Singapore. Singapore is also the first country to have a model agreement with the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to host its proceedings.

However, we cannot rest on our laurels. All around us, various jurisdictions have made significant developments and there is new competition for talent and disputes.

Just this year, the new Abu Dhabi International Arbitration Centre (Arbitrate AD) was launched with new arbitration rules that emphasise transparency, efficiency and cost effectiveness. A significant change is that the Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM), is now the default seat of arbitration, unless otherwise agreed, shifting from the previous onshore Abu Dhabi framework.

Prime Minister Lawrence Wong, in his Chinese New Year dinner, mentioned Singapore has to: first, stay open in this tumultuous economic climate to attract the right talent and investments to Singapore; second, stay ahead of the competition and ahead of the curve; but at the same time, third, stay united as Singaporeans. Now, in this spirit, may I ask the hon Minister what more is the Ministry of Law (MinLaw) doing to maintain our competitive edge on this front? What is MinLaw doing to support the legal profession to better meet the demands of modern legal practice to strengthen Singapore as a leading legal and dispute resolution hub?

[(proc text) Question proposed. (proc text)]

Strengthening Rule of Law and New Trends

Mr Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim : Chairman, access to justice must be real and meaningful for the common person, ensuring that legal protections work for those who need them the most. Singapore has taken concrete steps to make justice accessible, especially in key areas affecting everyday lives.

For families and divorced mothers, enforcing maintenance orders is critical. In 2022, over 2,700 maintenance-related applications were filed. The Maintenance Enforcement Process (MEP) now helps ensure that spouses and children receive the financial support that they are legally entitled to, reducing delays and hardship.

In May 2023, the Family Justice Reform Bill was passed by Parliament and received Presidential assent. The Family Justice Reform Act seeks to, among others: firstly, make improvements to Court proceedings and procedure in the Family Justice Courts; and secondly, enhance MEP. What is the status of the changes to be implemented through this Act?

With rising online harms, over 8,500 reported cases in 2023, swift protection is essential. The Protection from Harassment Act (POHA) provides Expedited Protection Orders against cyberbullying and harassment, ensuring that victims, including the vulnerable, can seek redress quickly.

In this regard, the Prime Minister has announced that a new agency will be set up to deal with online harms and that the Ministry of Digital Development and Information (MDDI) and MinLaw are working together on this piece of legislation. What measures does MinLaw have in mind for addressing online harms?

For those in financial distress, the personal bankruptcy regime has been reformed. While over 1,600 bankruptcy orders were made in 2022, many benefited from the Debt Repayment Scheme, which offers a structured way to repay debts without the severe consequences of bankruptcy. Bankruptcy applications have increased in recent years as well. Does MinLaw consider that reforms to Singapore's bankruptcy law are necessary to address the evolving financial landscape?

Sir, justice must be fair, accessible and effective for all, not just the privileged but the everyday person. Singapore remains committed to ensuring that legal protections truly serve those who need them the most.

Online Harms

Mr Vikram Nair (Sembawang) : Chairman, it has been barely three decades since the Internet was first introduced into most of our lives. Many of us in this House may remember life and childhoods without the Internet. For the children of today, this is almost unthinkable. As Internet use has become a ubiquitous part of life, the potential for online harms has also grown. The issue of scams, many of which take place online, has just been discussed in the Ministry of Home Affairs' (MHA's) Committee of Supply (COS) debate.

Other types of online harms include exposure to harmful online content or conduct, including explicit or violent materials, cyberbullying and harassment. Addiction to screens is also a problem, especially with children and youths; and countries, such as Australia, have passed legislation to limit access to social media for children.

The Prime Minister announced in October last year that a new agency will be set up to deal with online harms and provide a one-stop centre for victims. He mentioned that MinLaw and MDDI are working together on this project. In conjunction with this, I also note that a public consultation was held by MinLaw and MDDI to get feedback from the public. Does MinLaw have any updates on this initiative, the likely legislative framework and details on the plans for this new agency?

Cyberbullying and Online Harm

Mr Lim Biow Chuan (Mountbatten) : Sir, in July 2024, there was a report about an online influencer in Malaysia who took her life due to cyberbullying. In the same month last year, a survey done by MDDI found that 74% of Internet users face harmful content, like cyberbullying or sexual content online, but only a quarter report it.

Many of us who are on social media have faced all sorts of cyberbullying at one point or another. Sometimes, the bully makes false allegations; sometimes, they deliberately use words intended to humiliate and hurt your feelings; the trolls frequently make insinuations about your character, they use mean and vicious words against you. Frequently, the bully hides behind the cloak of anonymity. This is not acceptable, especially for those younger social media users. Why should anyone using social media be subject to such bullying behaviour?

Sir, in an answer to a Parliamentary Question in October 2024, Minister Josephine Teo said that the Government plans to introduce new legislation and measures to provide stronger support and assurance to victims of online harms, such as bullying. Can the Ministry provide an update as to the new legislation? Make it illegal for any social media user to use a false account to register that account. This means that if any user wishes to, say, bully others by making false allegations or using mean or harsh words, they must be held to account for the things they say. I look forward to the day when social media users can be protected from such bullying behaviour.

Tackling Online Harms

Ms Nadia Ahmad Samdin (Ang Mo Kio) : Sir, in recent years, we have seen a rise in the seriousness and prevalence of online harms, such as cyberbullying and non-consensual sharing of intimate images. Singapore has developed a framework to address and mitigate these online harms through various legislation. The Ministry's plans to establish a dedicated agency, codify statutory torts and lift the veil of anonymity, will serve to enhance accountability and fortify our efforts in this regard.

I would like to ask for an elaboration of the nature of timely assistance which will be provided to victims of online harms. Will the agency, for example, have the power to compel the removal of harmful content? How will the assistance be augmented to support vulnerable victims, for example, children as well as women?

The agency will also be empowered to disclose the identity information of perpetrators to victims under specified circumstances. How will this be implemented in practice, given that many online platforms only require an email address for registration? What if the user of the account is overseas, for example?

Finally, tackling online harms must be done upstream. How else can the agency work with community groups to educate the public on constructive and safe online behaviour?

Pre-trial Release

Ms Sylvia Lim (Aljunied) : Sir, a person facing investigations or criminal charges may need to wait several months or even years before his case is concluded. I have seen how some lower-income Singaporeans struggle with this. A simple parking violation that usually attracts an out-of-Court composition fine is not paid, eventually leading to a Court hearing that requires a bailor. Failure to find a bailor will lead to pre-trial custody, which often leads to job loss or disruption of education, plunging the whole family into a much more precarious situation.

I had previously raised this issue during the Justice System Motion in November 2020. To that end, I was very encouraged when the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) was amended last year to expressly require the law enforcement agency or judge to consider releasing a person charged with a less serious offence on his personal bond without the need for a bailor.

Sir, the new provisions of section 93(1A) and section 93(1C) of the CPC, which came into force on 1 August 2024, after more than six months, it will be opportune to find out if there are significant outcomes to date. Are there indications from the law enforcement agencies that more eligible persons are being released on personal bond? Similarly, for those charged in Court, are there similar indications from the Courts that more accused persons are now being released on personal bond?

The Chairman : Mr Patrick Tay. You can take your two cuts together.

Protection from Harassment Act Updates

Mr Patrick Tay Teck Guan (Pioneer) : Sir, POHA has been around for a decade and the POHA Court set up. Can MinLaw provide an update on the number of cases filed and mediated by the POHA Court; and among all the POHA cases filed, what is the breakdown of the types, that is, how many involve community neighbours; how many are online harassment; how many are sexual harassment; and how many are workplace harassment? I also ask MinLaw how this Court has and can better ensure the efficient and effective resolution of harassment complaints.

Bettering Civil Enforcement

Mr Patrick Tay Teck Guan : Sir, I have assisted and advised union members and workers in workplace disputes which may end up in the civil Courts or the Employment Claims Tribunal. The problem is that they may win the case and get a judgment either from the Courts or the Employment Claims Tribunal but their happiness and relief are often short-lived.

This is because the employer may not be able or want to pay up. This would mean the aggrieved worker, often a layman, having to navigate and be subjected to the entire rigmarole to enforce the judgment and also incur monies to do so. In most instances, they would still need to engage a lawyer and may sometimes still be subject to a protracted enforcement process.

There is thus a need to simplify, expedite and better the civil enforcement process and mechanism to facilitate the victim's recovery of monies. Can I ask MinLaw if it intends to review this and make enforcement more accessible, economical, expeditious and less painful for workers and the layman?

Enforcing Awards by Tribunals

Ms See Jinli Jean (Nominated Member) : Last October, I asked if MinLaw would consider simplifying enforcement of small claims and employment claims tribunals' awards. I noted the Minister's reply that MinLaw was working on reforms, "To make the enforcement of civil judgments more effective, efficient and simpler."

The challenge of enforcing awards was also recently raised in the Straits Times forum. Could the Minister provide an update on reforms to address challenges of non-compliance with Court orders?

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Access to Justice

Mr Vikram Nair : Chairman, the last few years have seen significant changes to improve access to justice. Thanks to initiatives from MinLaw, the Law Society, community organisations and, of course, the many lawyers that contribute their time and money to pro bono work.

On the Ministry's part, it set up the Public Defender's Office, a major initiative that now provides criminal defence services for impecunious defendants.

The Law Society has set up an Institution of Public Character called Pro Bono SG and through this, provided legal aid for those who need assistance in civil matters. In the Admiralty division, for example, the Realm of Tranquility, a local charitable organisation, collaborated with Pro Bono SG to open a community legal clinic at their premises which brings legal aid to the heartlands. These are commendable initiatives and I would like to know if the Ministry has any further plans to facilitate access to justice?

An important aspect of justice is also the ability to enforce judgements easily. In the Committee of Supply 2024, the Ministry mentioned it was studying ways to improve the civil enforcement framework. I will be grateful for any updates on this.

Finally, over the years, the Ministry has simplified the bankruptcy regime, making it easier for individuals to restructure debts and also made it easier for bankrupts to get discharged from bankruptcy. Perhaps, in part, because of these measures, the number of bankruptcy applications seems to have gone up. Does the Ministry have any views on this matter and is it planning any further actions in relation to the bankruptcy regime?

The Chairman : Assoc Prof Razwana Begum, you can take your two cuts together.

Assoc Prof Razwana Begum Abdul Rahim (Nominated Member) : Sir, access to justice is a fundamental pillar of a fair and equitable society, ensuring that individuals can protect their rights and seek redress through the legal system. Ensuring that legal services are accessible and affordable to all citizens, not only foster trust in the judicial system, but also supports the country's commitment to justice and equality for everyone, regardless of their background or circumstances.

In this context, how is the Ministry addressing the barriers faced by vulnerable populations in accessing justice and what strategies are in place to ensure their voices are both heard and protected? What initiatives are being introduced to make legal information and resources more available online? How is technology being leveraged to streamline legal processes, reducing the time and costs associated with accessing justice?

Mediation and Restorative Justice

Restorative justice and community mediation are effective at resolving conflicts and addressing harm within communities. Unlike traditional punitive systems, restorative justice focuses on healing and reconsolidation by involving all stakeholders in the process, including victims, offenders and the community. Mediation serves as a collaborative tool, facilitating open dialogue and mutual understanding to reach amicable resolutions. Together, these practices not only help reduce recidivism but also strengthen community bonds, promoting a more supportive and cohesive environment.

In this context, what initiative is the Ministry implementing to promote community mediation and resolution and how is this addressing challenges, such as public awareness and acceptance, to encourage broader participation? In what ways is the Ministry ensuring that legal professionals receive adequate training in community mediation and restorative justice principles and what partnerships are being formed between the Ministry and community organisations to facilitate the successful implementation of mediation and restorative programmes?

The Chairman : The next Member is not present. Mr Sitoh Yih Pin.

Community Disputes

Mr Sitoh Yih Pin (Potong Pasir) : Mr Chairman, I spoke on community disputes at last year's COS. As many of us in this House have experienced, managing and resolving disputes among neighbours, often living side by side, is one of the most challenging aspects of the work we do in the Community.

Since then, I was heartened to see the passing of the Community Disputes Resolution (Amendment) Bill in November 2024. In particular, I was looking forward to observe how effective the new Community Relations Unit (CRU) will be, with officers given investigatory and enforcement powers to intervene in neighbourly disputes.

Oftentimes, in disputes involving noise or other disagreements, it is a contest of one neighbour gathering "evidence" against the other. This can include recording each other's alleged noise or movements at odd hours or, in extreme cases, surreptitiously installing cameras directed at each other's homes. As one can expect, such behaviour is likely only to escalate and rapidly increase the temperature of the dispute, often damaging neighbourly relations beyond repair.

Having an objective arbiter, like CRU, could reduce the need for extreme measures taken by the residents themselves, with decisions and outcomes acceptable to affected parties. Separately, the enhanced powers of the Community Disputes Resolution Tribunal (CDRT) will also hopefully quicken the pace of resolving community disputes effectively. In this context, Sir, I would like to ask the Minister to give an update on the implementation of the enhancements in the space of community mediation after the passing of the Community Disputes Resolution (Amendment) Bill.

Community Justice – Avoid Digital Divides

Dr Tan Wu Meng (Jurong) : The online Community Justice and Tribunals System brings convenience to those who can go online. What happens to seniors who are less digitally-savvy, less literate or who may not be so familiar with the English language? What happens if these seniors want to access the Small Claims Tribunal or Protection from Harassment Court or other services under the CJTS? Does this mean the digitally disadvantaged may inevitably face an uneven playing field when it comes to accessing community justice with all these new digital platforms?

Sir, digitalisation must not become a digital divide. Digital justice must not become difficult justice for the non-information technology (IT) savvy. We must avoid digital dropout where a case with merits is abandoned, because a senior found it too hard to access digital processes.

The Chairman : Next Member is not present. Ms Sylvia Lim.

Safeguarding IP Rights of Creatives

Ms Sylvia Lim : Chairman, in Singapore, pursuing a creative career can be difficult due to the challenge of earning a stable living. However, it is vital that Singaporean artists, writers, filmmakers and other creatives can lead meaningful livelihoods and help support the growth of Singapore's artistic and cultural landscape.

To that end, I have come across many creatives, such as film producers and photographers, who do not fully understand their rights, especially when it comes to the intellectual property (IP). Many are unaware that under the Copyright Act 2021, the IP rights in their creations automatically belong to them even if they were paid for that work. This is a crucial gap in knowledge that must be addressed. This becomes more urgent and important with the rise of generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI), which has led to the unauthorised use of copyrighted materials for profit-driven purposes.

The recent open statement from Singapore's literary community to the National Library Board, signed by at least 88 local creatives, reflects growing concern over the lack of regard for copyrighted works and its potential impact on the vitality and viability of pursuing an artistic career.

Besides promoting education and awareness, the Government can also consider introducing regulations on AI models to better level the playing field between AI developers and creatives. Some jurisdictions have started on this. For example, the European Union's (EU's) AI Act compels Gen AI models to demonstrate compliance with the EU's copyright law and provide a sufficiently detailed summary of the content used for training their models. Such obligations empower copyright-holders to exercise their rights by opting out of having their works used in text and data mining.

In this regard, it would be good to understand whether there are ground outreach efforts to creatives to promote understanding of their IP rights. In addition, how are MinLaw and the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS) tackling the copyright challenges posed by AI.

Protecting Creators' IP in Age of AI

Ms See Jinli Jean : IPOS and the National Trades Union Congress' (NTUC's) Visual, Audio, Creative Content Professionals Association (Singapore) is partnering to raise IP awareness and proficiency among creators. Likewise, for companies that adopt AI, how will MinLaw guide them to adhere to ethical and respectful use of IP? For instance, copyrighted works should not be used to train Gen AI applications without permission or compensation. How will MinLaw balance between fostering innovation and protecting creators' IP?

The Chairman : Mr Keith Chua, please take your two cuts together.

IPOS' Support for SMEs

Mr Keith Chua (Nominated Member) : Mr Chairman, there are many avenues for our small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to grow both locally and internationally. There are also many helpful grants and different areas of financing support available. However, many of our SMEs may not be aware of the opportunity to unlock value of their intangible assets and IP rights. Successful businesses should ensure that they protect their brand value. This may also open up avenues for access to finance.

How can IPOS support SMEs in this area? Has IPOS worked with trade associations and chambers (TACs) to better reach Singapore SMEs?

Singapore as Arbitration Hub

Mr Chairman, Singapore has established herself as one of the leading places for international arbitration. Recent reports suggest that Singapore has become the leading arbitration hub.

There are many accompanying benefits ranging from professional to economic. However, there is also keen competition from other cities. May I ask the Minister what steps are we taking and what steps can we be taking to deepen the attraction of Singapore as an arbitration hub? With the many global and technological changes more recently, including a more protective and uncertain world, how might this affect our efforts?

In-house Counsels and Para-legals

Mr Patrick Tay Teck Guan : Sir, I declare my interest as Director of Legal for NTUC and honorary member of the Singapore Corporate Counsel Association.

In-house counsels in Singapore form a significant and growing part of our legal fraternity. The number of in-house counsels has outstripped the number of lawyers in practice to-date. This presents a great opportunity for our Singapore in-house legal counsels to differentiate themselves in their skills as well as how they help businesses move confidently in Singapore and around the globe, while also helping to bring back crucial work to our private practice lawyers and others in related fields. I therefore ask MinLaw to provide an update of their current support and longer-term plans to further uplift the career health and progression of in-house counsels in Singapore.

In the legal fraternity and ecosystem, we have a group of para-legals, also known as paraprofessionals or legal executives in law firms and corporate entities. Many of them graduated from the law programmes offered by Temasek Polytechnic as well as other educational institutions. They also hope to build and boost their professionalism, competencies and standards, continuing education and career progression opportunities. I therefore ask how can MinLaw further help to uplift and enhance the career health and progression of para-legals and paraprofessionals.

Supporting Our Young Lawyers

Ms Nadia Ahmad Samdin : Chairman, I continue to speak up for law students and young lawyers in this Chamber. The demands of the legal industry on our juniors are not easy. To keep pace with the fast-evolving demands of the profession and to take care of our young lawyers while maintaining a strong pipeline, it is essential to ensure that our legal training frameworks remain robust and forward-looking.

Under the new practice training framework, trainee lawyers must satisfy the dual seat requirement by rotating through a solicitor's seat and a litigation seat. For smaller firms operating as niche practices, arrangements must be made to rotate trainees to a covering law practice for them to gain exposure to a secondary seat.

Does the Ministry have any indication as to the capacity of smaller firms to undertake the training of young lawyers and recruit future talent, given the necessity of rotating trainees out of their firm? Are measures being considered to support these firms in navigating such demands?

With our growing role as a leading international arbitration hub, a rising number of disputes from our civil law neighbours may be heard on our shores. Is the Ministry considering furthering educational reforms to deepen and broaden civil law expertise among our law students and practitioners to ensure that we can remain at the forefront of international dispute resolution?

1.30 pm

Update on International Conventions

Ms Usha Chandradas (Nominated Member) : Sir, I would like to seek an update from the Ministry on Singapore's position with regard to three international conventions, namely the Hague Convention of 2 July 2019 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters (Hague Judgments Convention), the Convention providing a Uniform Law on the Form of an International Will, (International Wills Convention) and the Hague Convention on the International Protection of Adults.

Becoming a signatory to these conventions could strengthen Singapore's position as a global wealth management and family office hub. It could enhance legal certainty in cross-border disputes, simplify estate and succession planning for internationally connected families, and provide greater safeguards for vulnerable individuals who are based in Singapore but who have legal or financial interests across multiple jurisdictions. I would appreciate insights from the Ministry on any ongoing considerations, potential challenges or timelines for Singapore to join these conventions.

Optimising State Properties

Ms Nadia Ahmad Samdin : Chairman, as our urban living grows increasingly dense, well-planned community areas are essential in creating dynamic and sustainable neighbourhoods. The Ministry has stated that it had identified opportunities to optimise state properties to better meet community needs and create greater social impact. What criteria is used to evaluate which state properties should be redeveloped? What are the specific community needs that are taken into consideration, given our diverse demographic?

Does the Ministry have plans to pilot community concepts that engage a broader spectrum of Singaporeans so as to create dynamic spaces that foster meaningful interactions? Could the Ministry consider piloting co-living concepts in these properties, for example, or create more care and recreational spaces for Singaporeans?

SLA's Reinventing Spaces into Vibrant Places Programme

Mr Keith Chua : Mr Chairman, since launching the Singapore Land Authority's (SLAs') Reinventing Spaces into Vibrant Places ( RSVP) programme, could the Minister kindly advise whether properties have been successfully awarded and, if so, how many?

Are any of the properties currently in use by the successful tenants? Are there any properties scheduled for launch in the coming year and, if so, when will be the timing of this launch? Will the decision for additional properties under this programme be solely determined by SLA and the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)?

In evaluating the interest generated in the programme thus far, can the Ministry advise whether the interest for state land is still leaning towards the more conventional method as there seems to be many more sites listed for tender under this method? Would there be favourable consideration by SLA for proposals from non-profit groups and organisations, given the increase in interest for arts, culture and heritage?

Some community service organisations may find use of state properties as an option to better connect with the community. Is SLA open to such proposals? As an example, creative use of a property may enable it to be a welcoming touchpoint for persons to find out more about difficult topics, such as mental health or other conditions like anxiety or depression. Use of appropriate sites may also appeal to the seniors, especially if the property has an interesting history. It may be helpful for happy memories.

Optimising State Assets via Technology

Mr Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim : Chairman, state land assets are crucial to Singapore's urban planning and economic development. Singapore must maximise land use efficiency. How has SLA successfully optimised state assets to meet community and economic needs? How has the development of the Digital Conveyancing Portal been progressing since the last update at COS 2023? Is the project still expected to be completed by 2026?

The Chairman : Minister Edwin Tong.

The Second Minister for Law (Mr Edwin Tong Chun Fai) : Mr Chairman, this year, we celebrate SG60 and our nation-building efforts that have allowed Singapore to develop, prosper and thrive against the odds.

Many factors have contributed to our transformation from Third World to First, and one of them is our commitment to building a strong legal system and advancing the rule of law. MinLaw will continue to uphold these fundamentals, to ensure the vibrancy of our economy, as well as to maintain trust and cohesion in our society.

I thank the Members for their various suggestions through their cuts, and I will address Members' cuts in this speech, organised into two broad topics: first, strengthening Singapore's position as an international legal and IP hub to support our economic growth; second, improving legal processes and increasing access to justice to maintain trust and cohesion in our community. My colleague, Minister of State Murali Pillai, will speak about optimising the use of state assets and safeguarding our society from online harms.

Sir, the Prime Minister has spoken about the challenges that Singapore is facing in this turbulent external environment. There are undoubtedly strong headwinds and we have to be cautious. But equally, in this environment, there are also opportunities if we remain attractive to foreign investments and maintain an open, thriving business environment. One reason Singapore has been able to attract foreign investments is the confidence in our legal system. My Ministry is committed to preserving and enhancing this trust in Singapore through three legal pillars which I will outline.

First, continually strengthening our legal framework in which we operate. Our approach is to grow new areas to support emerging industries and evolving business models as well as to continue to build on our areas of strength. Let me briefly mention three areas.

First, in the area of IP, which Mr Keith Chua spoke about. The value of an enterprise is increasingly in IP as well as in intangible assets (IA). But to realise this value, enterprises must be able to monetise both the IA and the IP. Only then will they be willing to invest in further innovation, which then further enhances and increases the value of their enterprise.

Singapore's IP regime and innovation environment are recognised internationally. In 2024, Singapore climbed a spot to rank fourth globally in the World Intellectual Property Organisation's (WIPO's) Global Innovation Index and remained top in Asia. Under the Singapore IP Strategy 2030, or SIPS 2030, we are focused on spurring innovation and helping enterprises, including the smaller enterprises, unlock the value in their IA and IP. We support enterprises at various stages of their IP journey. For businesses with overseas expansion plans, IPOS will launch the IP Management Clinics Singapore programme, in collaboration with WIPO, in March 2025. This will provide enterprises with comprehensive IA and IP strategy support, including connecting with experts for a four-month mentorship.

To Ms Sylvia Lim's query, for smaller enterprises and freelancers in the creative sectors, IPOS has simple info-packs as well as easy-to-understand videos that explain copyright and share best practices on using and protecting IP. In fact, Ms Lim, I remember that when I introduced the Bill that you spoke about, we had introduced as well the learner aids as well as these videos.

In addition, IPOS also works with agencies like the National Arts Council (NAC) and the National Library Board (NLB), as well as industry partners, like Copyright Licensing and Administration Society of Singapore (CLASS) and the Visual, Audio, Creative Content Professionals Association (VICPA), to provide additional support.

Just last year, in August 2024, IPOS signed a three-year MOU with VICPA, to support the creative industry in IP education and management, and capacity building. IPOS is also working on a video podcast with NAC and NLB to engage creatives in the music industry. This will be launched during World IP Day on 26 April later this year.

IPOS also actively supports partner events, such as the International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFRRO) World Congress to discuss copyright-related issues and developments. This will happen in October this year.

In other words, going down to the basic industry, at that level, as well as elevating ourselves to world global thought leadership in these areas are all part of the efforts to enhance awareness and education in this space. And we will, indeed, look out for more opportunities to reach our creators to raise their awareness in this very quickly evolving environment.

For enterprises looking to commercialise their IA and IP, IPOS is working with local and international partners to develop IA valuation guidelines that are interoperable internationally. We will seek public feedback on the draft IA valuation guidelines in the first half of 2025. Minister of State Murali Pillai will speak about the development of technology and its impact on IP rights.

The second pillar I want to speak about is dispute resolution. From time to time, we all know businesses may run into disputes with others. It is really part and parcel of doing business. But they have to be resolved in an open, transparent manner, as well as efficiently.

Over the years, we have updated our regime and enhanced our services. In short, we take a business-centric approach. We align our regime to international standards. We develop a full suite of options, whether it is in arbitration, mediation or litigation, or a combination of them, so that parties can choose, have the autonomy, depending on the nature of their needs as well as the particular circumstances of the transaction in question. We also give effect to party autonomy, be it choice of law or choice of forum, institution, modality of resolution, or the choice of counsel.

Overall, Singapore has done well. If you take SICC, it is celebrating its 10th anniversary this year. It has seen a steadily increasing caseload, including fresh filings. The caseload of SIAC, as well as SIMC, in both the arbitration and mediation spaces, have also seen a general upward trend. Many of these cases, in fact, have minimal connection to Singapore.

To Mr Keith Chua's query, we will continue to strengthen our institutions.

First, by embracing technology to provide value-added services to users. SIAC, as far as we know, is the only arbitration centre with ISO 27001 Certification for its Information Security Management system. SIMC has a Mediation AI Assistant, and Maxwell Chambers offers cutting-edge drone camera and holographic displays which aid in the presentation of evidence, as well as in the course of resolving disputes at hearings.

Second, by providing platforms to profile Singapore as a thought leader in this space. Members will know that we have many international conferences in Singapore, such as the Singapore Convention Week that started since 2019 in the starting days of the Singapore Convention on Mediation which we have continued since. We have the Singapore-China International Commercial Dispute Resolution Conference. This takes place once a year – one year in China, and one year we hosted in Singapore. We will host it in Singapore later this year. These events, among others, not only provide a platform for leading experts to discuss latest developments, but they are also an opportunity for lawyers in Singapore to connect with the global community.

Third, in debt restructuring and insolvency. This is an integral part of a well-functioning and well-developed economy. It provides practical and commercial options for companies as well as smaller businesses and entrepreneurs in financial distress, giving flexibility and realistic options to restructure. Successful restructurings not only allow the debtor to carry on as a going concern, but generally result in better outcomes for employees, creditors and investors.

My Ministry has enhanced this framework over the last decade and let me speak about three parts of this framework.

First, in corporate insolvency. We have grafted in features from leading, as well as tried-and-tested models, like, for example, chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code, which we brought in about six to seven years ago. We have adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-border Insolvency; and we have also clarified the SICC's jurisdiction for cases with multi-jurisdiction elements, which are particularly a feature of large cross-border restructurings. We have introduced simplified insolvency, providing entities with simpler, faster and cheaper processes. Members will know we first introduced this as a temporary measure during COVID-19, and this was made permanent earlier this year to benefit more companies.

Finally, in personal bankruptcy. We have a differentiated discharge framework for bankrupts. This is a rehabilitative regime that seeks to encourage financial prudence without, at the same time, stifling entrepreneurship.

We have arrived at a regime, which we believe, balances the interests of debtors and creditors, maintaining a healthy lending environment for sustained economic growth whilst, at the same time, supporting debtors across the spectrum: from individual entrepreneurs to larger corporates, both locally as well as foreign.

This has resulted in the growing use of Singapore's framework. For instance, the shipping firm, Pacific International Lines, and Vietnamese developer, No Va Land – a case heard in the SICC.

To Mr Zhulkarnain's and Mr Vikram Nair's queries, we are not resting on our laurels. We are building on the experiences of these cases, as well as the experience of practitioners. We are carefully looking at the next set of refinements, considering feedback and we will look at introducing further enhancements.

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These enhancements that we are thinking about will include the following.

First, the Debt Repayment Scheme (DRS) for individuals. MinLaw is looking to, among other matters, prevent misuse of the DRS by debtors who are advised by businesses to borrow irresponsibly and then self-petition for bankruptcy.

Second, in the area of corporate rescue tools, in particular, in judicial management. We will also review our current Chapter 11 regime, to assess the need for changes. In 2023, some two years ago, we convened the Committee to Enhance Singapore's Corporate Restructuring and Insolvency (R&I) Regime. The Committee has been engaged in robust debates, consulted with stakeholders, discussed the recent cases that I mentioned, as well as taken consultations on its recommendations and it will be able to release a report shortly.

Next, I move to the second pillar: expanding and growing our legal competency as well as capabilities.

Sir, the world is increasingly complex and certainly, legal work is no longer limited by geographical boundaries. As Mr Zhulkarnain said, for our law firms and our legal professionals to compete effectively, they must keep up with emerging trends and offer unique advantages and we agree with that.

To raise the quality and consistency of training, we implemented several changes in July 2024, pursuant to the Committee for the Professional Training of Lawyers. The syllabus for the course leading up to Part B of the Bar Examinations was expanded to cover a wider range of topics. The practice training period was lengthened to one year, to allow trainees more time to gain exposure to contrasting practice areas and develop a strong all-rounded foundation as they start their practice career.

To Ms Nadia Samdin’s point, we recognise that small firms may occasionally need support to cope with these changes and we appreciate very much Ms Samdin's continual advocacy for young lawyers in this space.

The Singapore Institute of Legal Education and the Law Society have released guides to help trainees and supervising solicitors navigate these changes. As Ms Samdin knows, it has been less than a year since we have commenced on this path, so we will take on board the experiences of young lawyers at smaller firms in the space but for the moment, the guidelines cover areas such as honorarium and leave. And the Law Society also published available training positions on their website, so that they become easier for trainees to find a training position in contrasting practice areas. The Law Society also offers career counselling, mentorship and guidance on practice training contracts. And the Law Society will implement other measures if necessary.

Besides raising professional standards, we are also looking to shift mindsets and raise skillsets in our law firms and in our lawyers. One area in which we seek to do this is in that of technology. In the legal sector, AI can potentially perform tasks at the level of junior associates, but at a fraction of the time and cost. For example, a Thomson Reuters report estimated that AI can save professionals up to 12 hours per week by 2029. But instead of seeing this as a threat, let us also look at this as an opportunity for lawyers to go up the value chain, to focus on higher-value tasks looking at front-facing work, client-facing work.

Globally, law firms in other jurisdictions, like the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), leading jurisdictions, for example: they are embracing and harnessing legaltech in support of their work. To compete with them, our lawyers must also keep that open mindset and embrace legaltech.

In 2022, we made available the Legal Technology Platform (LTP), a matter management and collaboration tool, to law firms that desired a ready product. Generative AI (Gen AI) was also added in 2024 as a feature through Copilot for SG law firms.

We also made legaltech accessible to Singapore law practices, by providing subsidies to defray the cost. We understand that sometimes the startup costs or the cost of entry into such a product could be very high. And so, in 2022, for example, we offered the Productivity Solutions Grant for the Legal Sector (PSG-Legal) which provided 70% support for up to two years. From 1 April 2025, the support level will be 50% for one year – to align with other sectors. To date, there are over 70 successful PSG-Legal applications from Singapore law practices, for over 400 legaltech accounts.

We will also be piloting a change management initiative in the second half of this year. We have heard some feedback from law firms that they require more support to improve their tech processes, whilst at the same time managing and juggling their existing priorities. We will therefore deploy legaltech consultants to the firms keen to join the pilot to diagnose their technology needs and recommend the appropriate tools for them in the context of their practice areas.

Another area which I wish to speak about is civil law. Singapore is a common law jurisdiction, but many of our top trading partners come from civil law jurisdictions, such as China and Indonesia. These are large markets with immense opportunities.

Therefore, to position our lawyers better, we will be deepening civil law content in law school curriculum. We will also continue to run the China Ready Programme as well as the Singapore-Shanghai Lawyers Exchange Programme, which help to provide lawyers with a deeper and more embedded understanding of China’s business and legal environment. And if there is demand for similar programmes in other markets and other jurisdictions, we will be happy to consider.

Sir, it is important for our lawyers to continue to have a lifelong learning culture. Practice is evolving. The areas of practice are quickly moving and the thought leadership around the study of law and more importantly, the practice and application of law to the industry is quickly evolving. To encourage this, we refreshed the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) system and will be increasing the CPD requirements in phases. Lawyers can use and tap into the SkillsFuture funding for many of the courses.

Besides lawyers, allied legal professionals and in-house counsel are also a vital part of our legal sector, as Mr Patrick Tay spoke about it a short while ago. The Singapore Academy of Law is working with the Law Society as well as the Singapore Corporate Counsel Association and Temasek Polytechnic on a Skills Framework for Legal Services and training roadmap. These will be first introduced for lawyers, followed by in-house counsel and then allied legal professionals over the next few years in phases. Temasek Polytechnic will also be introducing new courses in legal technology and legal project management for allied legal professionals. They have got feedback that these are areas that participants and students are keen on and so they will develop modules along these lines.

Sir, moving to the third pillar – keeping ourselves open to the world. As a small city-state, we need to be plugged into the global economy. But to do so, we must enhance our networks and collaborate with others. This really is a win-win situation for us if we can manage it. We help partners meet their goals from Singapore and in doing so, bring work here into the Singapore jurisdiction, which might otherwise not be present in Singapore.

Over the years, we have strengthened our legal cooperation with key and emerging markets. To give Members some examples, last year, we signed four Memorandum of Understanding (MOUs) – two with Saudi Arabia, one with India and one with Kazakhstan – further expanding our global outreach into new markets. I have also made several trips in the course of last year to develop connections and help our law firms and lawyers build inroads into these markets.

As Mr Zhulkarnain noted, we also increased our efforts to anchor in Singapore multilateral dispute resolution institutions, which administer disputes involving and including sovereign interests. This contributes to the international rule of law, as well as burnishes Singapore’s attractiveness as a premier dispute resolution hub.

Let me give Mr Zhulkarnain some examples.

First, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which is an intergovernmental organisation providing arbitration and other dispute resolution services, for states, is expanding its presence in Singapore, with our support. Singapore was its first physical office in Asia and since its establishment in 2018, over the last five years, the Singapore office has until 2023 administered over 135 cases from Singapore.

Second, we have also signed an MOU with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and are working towards ICSID setting up its first physical office outside its headquarters in Washington DC here in Singapore. We also continue to welcome international law firms and foreign lawyers to anchor their presence here in Singapore.

Singapore has gradually liberalised the legal sector since the 1990s and this has benefited Singapore and Singaporeans. Over the years, we have introduced various schemes, to allow foreign law firms to collaborate with our local law firms and the schemes are attenuated to fit the level of collaboration that the foreign lawyers want with the local counterparts. These schemes have been successful, but we will continue to review them – to refine the framework where necessary, and also how we can rationalise and streamline them, with one aim being to reduce the regulatory burden on the law firms complying with these schemes.

The Committee to Review the Regulatory Framework for Law Practices and Collaborations in Singapore, which we set up in 2023, is expected to complete its work soon.

I should add that we will not change our posture of being open. We remain open to foreign law firms and lawyers, while remaining committed to preserving the Singapore core in the legal profession.

Mr Chairman, the sum of our work contributes to the economy by facilitating businesses and attracting investments, allowing Singapore to thrive. Overall, we have been successful in playing this role. In 2024, Singapore was first in the World Competitiveness Ranking and rated top for business efficiency. And in 2023, Singapore was ranked second by the World Bank for net inflows of foreign direct investments (FDIs), behind only the US. So, by and large, these measures that I have spoken about, they have been successful in uplifting the Singapore business environment.

Mr Chairman, in the second part of my speech, I will focus on the domestic context. In recent times, many countries have seen their social fabric under stress and divisions forming, as parts of society feel left out and trust in institutions diminishes.

In Singapore, we are fortunate that we remain united; but we cannot for once take this for granted. Our cohesive social fabric is underpinned by the rule of law and access to justice, and these are core pillars of our society. Therefore, we must continue to reinforce these fundamentals to maintain social trust and cohesion as well as uplift people’s lives. Our laws form the bedrock of society – how it is ordered; how it functions; and how its members behave and interact in this society.

In our community, when individuals or businesses face friction with each other, they have a range of options to resolve their disputes and differences. This involves going before an impartial adjudicator or working with a trusted mediator and through this process, parties present their perspectives and find resolution in their conflict. A key part of this process is enforcement that some Members spoke about – that "last mile", where parties realise their rights, obtain redress and then move on. This has been a matter of focus for my Ministry. When a party receives a judgment, this must be enforced effectively. Otherwise, it is only really a paper judgment.

We have therefore been working to strengthen enforcement in two key areas: first in family justice; and second in civil judgments.

Let me give Members an update on these two areas.

Sir, families form the building blocks of our community. Where relations break down, we want to help to reduce the acrimony and allow parties to heal and to move on. A key improvement was the creation of the Maintenance Enforcement Process (MEP), as highlighted by Mr Zhulkarnain.

Unfortunately, the reality is that there remains a fairly high incidence of non-compliance with maintenance orders. There is also a significant number of repeat applications for enforcement.

Therefore, under the MEP, Maintenance Enforcement Officers (MEOs) are empowered to obtain information about the parties’ financial circumstances and these findings will help the Courts make more effective maintenance enforcement orders. They can also facilitate settlements between the parties, which encourages more sustainable outcomes and judgments. The MEP was operationalised in January. A new unit of MEOs in MinLaw have started taking cases. They will progressively expand their operations in phases.

To Mr Patrick Tay and Ms Jean See’s queries, MinLaw will also introduce reforms to make the enforcement of civil judgments more effective, simple and streamlined.

We received feedback that the time, effort and costs – Mr Tay spoke about that – of enforcing judgments can sometimes be disproportionate to the judgment sum. We are looking to address these areas by providing the Court with greater powers to identify the assets and income streams of the judgment debtor as well as introducing new modes of enforcement to deter and punish non-compliance with Court orders. We will also create new Civil Judgment Enforcement Officers, who will effectively assist litigants who wish to enforce their civil judgments.

These reforms will be made available to our civil courts, which includes tribunals such as: the Employment Claims Tribunal, which Mr Tay spoke about; the Community Disputes Resolution Tribunals; as well as the Small Claims Tribunal.

Sir, as Members will know, these proposed changes are novel. They depart from the existing framework for enforcement. We are currently studying them, evaluating them and consulting with interested parties, including Members of the Bar and the Judiciary. More details will be released in due course as we complete this study.

Sir, we continually work to improve access to justice, particularly for the most vulnerable. This ensures they receive help and no one is left behind.

To Mr Vikram Nair and Assoc Prof Razwana's queries, MinLaw has had a long history, being at the forefront of providing aid and assistance in the civil and criminal spheres including through programmes, such as the Legal Aid Bureau (LAB), for instance; and more recently, the Public Defender's Office (PDO).

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Since 1958, LAB has provided the vulnerable with civil legal aid, including in matrimonial, monetary claims as well as probate matters. Beyond taking on legal cases, LAB has strengthened connections in the community, for example, by organising networking sessions between family lawyers and social service professionals.

MinLaw has been supporting the Criminal Legal Aid Scheme (CLAS) as well, which is administered by Pro Bono SG, and progressed to directly fund them since 2015. And from December 2022, PDO was operationalised to facilitate access to justice for more accused persons.

Sir, PDO has grown over the years. Today, it has a team of 22 public defenders. In 2024, PDO received almost 1,900 applications and about 1,000 were assessed as eligible. A part of these eligible applications is referred to CLAS, and between CLAS and PDO, they serve the section of the community who are most vulnerable. This partnership exemplifies the pro bono spirit among the legal fraternity – a partnership between the Government as well as Pro Bono SG, which is really ground-up, supported by many lawyers in the private sector.

This helps us to ensure that legal aid remains accessible not just across the criminal spectrum, which CLAS and PDO looks after, but also across the civil sector. Last year, we updated the quantum of the per capita household income (PCHI) as well as the Annual Value (AV) for eligibility criteria to ensure that, in the light of increase in household income and property value in recent years, we will continue to serve the target audience and target persons who need assistance. We continually review these thresholds to ensure that they are kept in line.

Sir, before I conclude, let me quickly touch on community disputes – a topic that Mr Sitoh Yih Pin raised and which I also spoke extensively a few months ago when I introduced the Bill.

To Mr Sitoh Yih Pin's queries, the enhancements will be implemented shortly. The Community Relations Unit (CRU) pilot, including directed mediation, for severe noise and hoarding cases will start in Tampines from the second quarter of this year. Following the pilot, we will consider how to sustainably scale-up the process island-wide.

On mediation, as touched on by Assoc Prof Razwana, the Community Mediation Centre (CMC) continues to promote the benefits of mediation through channels like social media as well as everyday advertisements, such as those we see at the bus stops, for instance, to reach out to those who might need awareness brought to them about these schemes. To manage the anticipated increase in caseload, around 30 duty mediators have been identified to manage directed mediation cases. CMC has also increased the number of satellite mediation locations from 10 in 2023 to 18 in 2025. This will allow more convenience as well as improve accessibility.

Sir, let me just say a few words in closing. I have spoken about our approach in growing the economy and maintaining trust and cohesion in society. These are two very important outcomes of the work that we do at MinLaw. Singapore's success is underpinned by our strong legal system, based on the rule of law. That is something that is really non-negotiable for us in all the work that we do at MinLaw.

On this note, I would like to inform Members that we will be commemorating next year, the 200th anniversary of the establishment of Singapore's modern legal system via the Second Charter of Justice. It was in 1826 – next year will be 200 years. A series of events will take place to commemorate the occasion. More details will be announced in due course. And I hope that Members will come and support these programmes and events next year.

The Chairman : Minister of State Murali Pillai.

The Minister of State for Law (Mr Murali Pillai) : Sir, I would like to start off by adding my appreciation to hon Members for their cuts as well as their speeches in this debate. I would cover three broad areas: first, the prudent and imaginative use of state assets; second, safeguarding our society from concerns posed by emerging technologies; and third, access to justice.

The Singapore Land Authority (SLA) ensures effective and imaginative use of land resources. To address Mr Zhulkarnain and Ms Nadia Samdin's queries, this is done by cultivating a good understanding of social and community needs through proactive engagement. For example, SLA engages the National Volunteer and Philanthropy Centre and community entities, such as New Hope, to understand their challenges in finding suitable spaces. Through such engagements, SLA identified emerging demands, such as silver co-living and the need for community spaces.

First, to address rising demand for independent living for older Singaporeans, SLA activated state properties, such as 79 to 95 Hindoo Road, 26 Evans Road and 98 Henderson Road. Building on the response, SLA plans to launch a tender in the first quarter of this year for 20 heritage properties at Admiralty Road East for multi-generational co-living. Proposals with holistic programming and emphasis on inter-generational co-living that encourages independent senior living will be favourably considered.

Second, SLA is activating state properties with potential to bring communities together. One example is the transformation of 30 Maxwell Road into a wellness and fitness hub through the joint initiative with URA, Reinventing Spaces into Vibrant Places, as noted by Mr Keith Chua. Another example is the transformation of the former Elections Department office at 11 Prinsep Street into a social impact hub named The Foundry, which started operations last year.

Further, SLA will restore and repurpose Block 1 East Coast Road (1ECR) for community and social uses. The renovated space will provide programmes and training to support youths as well as recreational activities for all ages. SLA called a tender for a multidisciplinary team of consultants in September 2024 to provide consultancy services for Additions and Alteration works, with estimated completion in 2028.

SLA will continue collaborating with agencies to introduce more state properties for economic and social uses. By launching more Price-Quality tenders, SLA will be able to better curate placemaking efforts to benefit the community.

Besides optimising the use of state assets, we are harnessing technology to digitalise transactions. Singapore's current conveyancing system is reliant on physical documents and processes, and requires significant manpower. SLA has therefore been developing the Digital Conveyancing Portal (DCP). It is a fully integrated digital end-to-end conveyancing process for all types of property, from the stage of Option to Purchase (OTP) to legal completion. It will also enable e-payments and digital documents.

When operationalised, the DCP will provide greater convenience to all parties, including buyers and sellers, law firms, real estate professionals, financial institutions and developers. We are testing the system rigorously and seeking industry feedback, including on how the phases of the DCP should be prioritised and the continuing evolution of associated technology.

The first phase of the DCP focuses on private residential resale transactions, which make up more than half of private real estate transactions. Beta testing of the OTP process started in November 2024 with selected stakeholders. Live OTP transactions for the private residential resale market is targeted to commence as a pilot initially in 2025. The DCP functions and types of transactions will be progressively expanded in subsequent phases.

Even as technology becomes integral, we are aware that it also presents issues, particularly with copyright. Our IP regime incentivises the creation of new works by rewarding creators with a set of rights over the use of their works, at the same time, allows reasonable access to these works by third parties, including other creators and innovators, who may build on them. In this way, we maximise creative and innovative output through a balanced approach.

Ms Sylvia Lim and Ms Jean See asked about the balance in the context of AI. While the IP regime enables the use of copyright materials for digital innovation, we have built in conditions to protect legitimate interests of rights-holders. In particular, if copyright materials are used to train AI models, the materials must be lawfully accessed. For example, for materials behind pay walls, through paid access. Furthermore, rights-holders can use the copyright protection regime to take action against the generation or use of content substantially similar to their own.

We recognise technologies, such as Gen AI, significantly impact many stakeholders. The Government remains committed to working with the creative community to address their concerns. There is ongoing engagement with stakeholders, including those in the creative sector, such as writers, publishers, record labels and creative agencies.

Some of the suggestions received include greater transparency in how copyright material is used for AI training and for rights-holders to have more control over use of their material. We are studying these suggestions. For example, we are exploring with MDDI and the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), support for transparency measures and respect for copyright in our AI governance policies and tools, such as IMDA's upcoming safety guidelines for Gen AI model developers and app deployers.

MinLaw and the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS) will continue to work with stakeholders to maintain the right balance that will support creativity and innovation.

We also focus on the impact of technology in the legal sector. Legal professionals should use Gen AI tools safely and responsibly, even as we encourage its adoption.

The need for guardrails is clear because: one, Gen AI may give inaccurate responses or hallucinate; two, security and privacy concerns – some Gen AI models may store user information and search history to train the model and this may then be reproduced for responses to other users; and three, ethical concerns with the rapid development of Gen AI by different programmers, it is critical that Gen AI tools are developed within a framework guided by principles, ethics and rules.

Considering this context, MinLaw is working on guidelines to guide legal professionals to be smart buyers and users of Gen AI tools. We have consulted stakeholders, such as the Singapore Courts, Law Society and IMDA, and will consult the industry in due course.

Another facet of digitalisation is the emerging threats to users and our community. Mr Lim Biow Chuan, Mr Vikram Nair, Mr Zhulkarnain and Ms Nadia Samdin asked about the Government's efforts to combat online harms.

The Government has taken significant steps to address the prevalence of online harms. This includes, among others, enacting the Protection from Harassment Act (POHA) in 2014 and strengthening it in 2019, to provide victims with legal recourse for harassment, including online harassment; and enacting the Online Safety, Miscellaneous (Amendments) Act and the Online Criminal Harms Act to allow the Government to act against harmful content.

However, online harms continue to be an area of concern for many – and hon Members said that in their speeches too.

A 2024 survey by MDDI found that two-thirds of respondents encountered harmful content on social media. Online harms are an especially serious problem for the young and young women in particular. In a 2023 study by SG Her Empowerment (SHE), more than half of the respondents between 15 and 24 years old reported having personally experienced online abuse. This was more than in any other age group. Within this age group, young women were nearly twice as likely as men to be victims of sexual harassment. And 40% of victims of online harassment reported suffering severe emotional and psychological distress, including depression and self-harm.

MinLaw and MDDI have been studying the gaps that remain. We have consulted extensively with community groups, such as those working with youths, and women and girls; experts; technology companies; and the Judiciary.

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The key gaps identified are the need for a simple and fast process to seek relief from online harms. The Court process can be daunting and difficult to navigate. Uncertainty over whether existing laws can be used to address new emerging harms and the lack of accountability as perpetrators are often anonymous.

To address these gaps, MinLaw and MDDI are working together on new legislation that will cover three broad buckets. First, it will establish a new agency that will act quickly on complaints of online harms. MDDI will share more details about the agency as well as some of its broader efforts to deal with online harms.

Second, it will set out Statutory Torts to clarify the types of online harms covered under the law, and the rights and duties of the various parties in the online ecosystem. These Statutory Torts will provide a clear legal basis for victims to hold to account those responsible for the harm they suffer. We intend for the Statutory Torts to apply to a range of serious online harms, including online harassment, intimate image abuse and child abuse material.

Third, it will introduce new mechanisms to address the misuse of anonymity by perpetrators of online harms. As Ms Nadia Samdin and others have rightly observed – there must be adequate information in the first place, if the intent is to enhance accountability. Victims may apply to find out a perpetrator's user information. The victim may need to know, so as to consider legal proceedings, better protect himself or herself from the perpetrator.

The provision of such information will be subject to safeguards, to prevent abuse. The information should not be used to carry out "counter-attacks". Stakeholders, such as the tech companies, have also expressed some reservations – mainly about how such measures will impact their business. We will work closely with them to mitigate their concerns. We will announce more details in due course. The Government is committed to ensuring that victims have accessible and effective remedies when they suffer online harms.

Mr Patrick Tay asked for figures relating to the Protection from Harassment Court (PHC). The number of applications for protection orders to the PHC since it started operations on 1 June 2021 are as follows: (a) 346 PO applications were filed in 2021; (b) 520 in 2022, (c) 526 in 2023; and (d) 631 in 2024.

In terms of breakdown, out of the 2,023 PO applications filed from 1 June 2021, which is when the PHC commenced operations, to 31 December 2024, there were complaints about the following kinds of harassments: (a) 760 cases involved cyberbullying; (b) 719 cases involved doxing; (c) 485 cases involved workplace harassment; (d) 253 cases involved sexual harassment; and (e) 122 cases involved harassment by debt collectors, moneylenders or creditors. The total number is 2,339, though there were 2,023 applications, because a single application can contain complaints for about more than one type of harassment.

I now turn to Ms Sylvia Lim's query on the personal bond in criminal cases – an amendment in the Criminal Procedure (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 2024. This allows persons accused of non-bailable offences punishable with up to seven years' imprisonment to be released on personal bond, as an alternative to bail. Previously, persons accused of such offences could only be released on bail while awaiting investigations or trial. They will be remanded if they are unable to find a bailor, even if they are offered bail.

With this amendment, they may be released by putting up a bond by themselves in appropriate cases. This reduces the disruptions to their lives and earning capacity, as mentioned by the hon Member. Since the amendment was implemented in August 2024, more than 100 accused persons have been released on personal bond for non-bailable offences. The personal bond regime is new and in its infancy. We will continue to keep our policies on remand and bail under review.

Lastly, I turn to our work on ensuring access to justice. Second Minister Edwin mentioned about the good work of the Public Defender's Office and the Legal Aid Bureau. MinLaw is also working with various partners to increase access to justice, including through technology.

Notably, we have collaborated with Pro Bono SG to develop LawGoWhere. Launched in March last year, this is a first-stop portal that consolidates access to legal information, legal services and law awareness resources.

This year, a legal help finder will be integrated, to make it easier for users to seek legal information. Users may key in information such as their postal code and legal issue, and receive legal assistance options, such as their nearest legal clinics.

Even as the use of technology increases, we are mindful of the digital divide, a point that Dr Tan Wu Meng made. On his query, measures have been taken to ensure that justice remains accessible to everyone, regardless of their level of familiarity with technology. For example, individuals who have difficulties with Court e-services, like the Community Justice and Tribunals System, can contact the State Courts by calling their hotline. They may also visit the State Courts Business Centre to access digital terminals or approach the State Courts Service Hub if they require assistance.

Before I conclude, Mr Chairman, I would like to thank hon Members for their comments. Ms Usha Chandradas spoke about possible areas for law reform. Given the full slate of work outlined, some of these reviews will require more time for careful consideration. I understand from the Ministry of Social and Family Development that the same also applies to the 2000 Protection of Adults Convention. Prof Razwana also spoke about recidivism. This was covered by the Ministry of Home Affairs in their COS.

Mr Chairman, Sir, in conclusion, Second Minister Edwin Tong spoke about the importance of the law and legal processes on achieving good outcomes for Singapore, underpinned by the rule of law. He also spoke about our efforts and approach to growing the economy, even as Singapore faces challenges in this turbulent external environment. We will strengthen our legal framework to be business-friendly and forward-looking, especially in the areas of IP, dispute resolution and debt restructuring and insolvency.

Furthermore, Second Minister Tong outlined our moves to grow the capabilities of law firms and legal professionals – through adoption of LegalTech, facilitating access to overseas markets and uplifting all areas of the profession to grow new competencies.

Then, he spoke on Enforcement Mechanisms in Family Justice and Civil Enforcement; as well as helping the most vulnerable in our society access the legal system. He also provided an update on the Community Disputes Management Framework.

Lastly, he announced our celebrations of the 200th anniversary of the establishment of Singapore's modern legal system.

I have covered SLA's efforts to optimise the use of state assets to meet changing needs and developments on the Digital Conveyancing Portal; our efforts to maintain a robust and balanced IP regime that supports creativity and innovation, as well as ensuring that the legal profession uses Gen AI safely and responsibly; new legislation to enhance protection for the vulnerable online; updates on the Protection from Harassment Court; implementation of reforms on personal bond; and leveraging technology for access to justice while preventing a digital divide.

Together, these form the foundations of our shared public life. Laws are made together, and made legitimate, in this House, but it is only in the living and the working out of these rules, that we as a country, give them life.

The Chairman: We have time for clarifications. Mr Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim.

Mr Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim : Thank you, Chairman. I have two sets of questions: one for Minister Edwin Tong, the other for Minister of State Murali Pillai.

For Minister, on the debt repayment scheme. I truly welcome MinLaw's approach whereby they are looking to refining the debt repayment scheme, which is currently susceptible to abuse. I know of debtors who engage third-party consulting firms and they are charged exorbitantly for such services. And indeed, the debtors themselves are being asked to take up further loans to pay for such services. So, may I ask the Minister on the regulatory standpoint, how does MinLaw plan to enhance oversight of third-party debt consultancy firms to prevent misinformation and exploitation of debtors.

And on the public front, whether the Ministry can consider collaborating with other Ministries or social service agencies to provide debtors with the accurate or reliable financial guidance and protect them from being exploited by such firms. I think public awareness is key.

For Minister of State Murali, on the digital office on the safety and online harms, the potential collaboration with MDDI. We note the challenges such that digital office may face to keep up with new technologies, high volume of harmful content and the misuse of anonymity. My question is a technical one. It is on jurisdiction for Statutory Torts. I understand that the Statutory Torts will be a whole suite that will be introduced by MinLaw, but would they also be pursuant to the double actionability rule for conflict of laws? For instance, does the Tort need to be actionable in Singapore and the country where that Tort occurred – the lex loci delicti and lex fori issues.

Mr Edwin Tong Chun Fai : Sir, I thank Mr Zhulkarnain for his support for the proposed scheme. And indeed, it is true. The irony is that some debtors consult with these firms only to find that they end up in a bigger hole, a larger debt, as a consequence of trying to find a solution to their debt. So, we are very mindful of this and we will take steps to look at how we can have levers to clamp down on such practices by these firms.

Indeed, it is also true, Sir, as Mr Zhulkarnain points out, that public awareness is key, to paraphrase him. We will step up significantly on steps to raise awareness and we will do this in a few ways. First, we will put information on MinLaw's website. We will enhance it, to make it informative and user friendly.

Second, we intend to also publish a guide to help debtors along the journey of submitting bankruptcy applications, and teach them and guide them on what steps to take, to try to turn them away from having to rely on such debt consultancy firms to get assistance for the paperwork. So, we will simplify as much as we can, as well as publish step-by-step guidelines, so that they can avoid going to these firms.

Finally, we will also look at measures to proactively reach out to debtors, for example, imposing mandatory credit counselling as a prerequisite for filing bankruptcy application, so that we get to them first, try and educate them, raise awareness on the process, so that we can deter them as much as we can from turning to the debt consultancy firms.

Mr Murali Pillai : Sir, with respect to the hon Member, Mr Zhulkarnain's question on jurisdiction, as was mentioned in my speech, this creation of Statutory Torts is really providing civil causes of action for victims. And the jurisdiction is based on the civil jurisdiction of the Courts as it stands now, it is quite expansive. And in situations where the double actionability rule, which deals with the commission of Torts overseas, and whether or not there is a basis to pursue it here, whether it applies depends on the current rules.

The Chairman : Ms Sylvia Lim.

Ms Sylvia Lim : Thank you, Chair. I have two clarifications for Minister of State Murali on the Criminal Procedure Code amendments on pre-trial release. Earlier, he mentioned that under the new provisions that were effective on 1 August, about 100 persons had been released on personal bond instead of on bail. I would like him to confirm that this is actually the combined number from law enforcement, as well as the Courts. That is the first question.

And the second question is if that is the case, this means that if it is 100 persons over six months, it is only about 16 persons per month, which to me is quite a low figure. And to this end, can he confirm that there are ongoing efforts to train, especially our law enforcement agencies, on the use of this new provision?

Mr Murali Pillai : Sir, with respect to the hon Member Ms Lim's question, my understanding is this is in relation to Court cases, but I can double check and perhaps, clarify this separately. [ Please refer to "Clarification by the Minister of State for Law", Official Report, 4 March 2025, Vol 95, Issue 157, Clarification section. ]

The Chairman : Any other clarifications? Ms Lim.

Ms Sylvia Lim : Thank you, Sir. So, just to follow up, I would just like to know whether there are ongoing efforts to train our officers involved on the new provision and how to apply it in applicable cases.

Mr Murali Pillai : Sir, that would be something that is within the province of the MHA. Certainly, we can convey the feedback as well.

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The Chairman : Any other clarifications from Members? If not, could I invite Mr Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim to withdraw your amendment.

Mr Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim : Sir, I thank Minister Edwin Tong and Minister of State Murali Pillai for their clear clarifications and plans for MinLaw and for our fellow Singaporeans. Sir, the law is the tool, but justice is the ideal. I thank the staff and officers of MinLaw for making access to justice the ideal for our Singaporeans. With that, I seek leave to withdraw my amendment.

[(proc text) Amendment, by leave, withdrawn. (proc text)]

[(proc text) The sum of $356,441,800 for Head R ordered to stand part of the Main Estimates. (proc text)]

[(proc text) The sum of $138,973,500 for Head R ordered to stand part of the Development Estimates. (proc text)]

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