Parliamentary AI Focus

PAP MP Darryl David and Nominated MP Dr Neo Kok Beng put oral questions to the Coordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Home Affairs about the 14 online social-media posts that targeted Singapore's Indian community and undermined its multiculturalism: whether investigations showed the posts to be a coordinated effort by any agency or organisation and what action would be taken, and whether the national framework and tools against such external influence would be reviewed and how residents could be equipped to discern it. Minister of State for Home Affairs Goh Pei Ming replied that there is no evidence this was a coordinated campaign by any particular government or organisation; the content likely originated from a China-based platform and was subsequently carried elsewhere. The posts sought to incite ill-will against the Indian community and undermine Singapore's model of multiculturalism, and were assessed to constitute an offence under section 298A(a) of the Penal Code; the Government issued Disabling Directions under the Online Criminal Harms Act (OCHA) to block Singapore users' access to the 14 posts. He noted that AI-enabled and inauthentic content seeping into Singapore's infospace has increased in recent years — the use of AI makes such posts easier to create — and that the Government tracks every case carefully, including investigating possible state actors, and wields legislative levers such as FICA, the Maintenance of Racial Harmony Act, POFMA and OCHA to act proactively and upstream (FICA online directions were first used in July 2024 and have been generally effective). Beyond legislation, the Government builds a discerning, resilient population through National Education and Total Defence, the SG101 website, the National Library Board's S.U.R.E programme and a 2025 MHA campaign on deepfake videos and AI-generated content — framed as the most effective defence against attempts to divide society.

"We have noticed an increase in the number of such posts, especially given the use of AI enabling the creation of such posts ... we do track very carefully every single case, including investigating whether there are possibly state actors behind the posts."

Workers' Party MP He Ting Ru filed a written question to the Coordinating Minister for Social Policies and Minister for Health: is the Ministry aware of increasing recorded incidences of AI-induced psychosis; if so, how many cases were recorded in each of the past three years; and how is the Ministry working with relevant partners to better study and tackle the issue. Minister for Health Ong Ye Kung replied that there are international reports of psychological disturbances potentially related to intensive AI use, but this is not an established clinical diagnosis. Other than a few anecdotal cases, no clear upward trend has been observed locally — though the Ministry is monitoring the matter closely because the potential health risk posed by AI and digital media is of real concern. The exchange puts AI-related mental-health risk on the parliamentary record for the first time: the opposition presses the Government to recognise and quantify an emerging risk, while the Government responds cautiously — "not a clinical diagnosis, no clear local trend" — without dismissing the risk or ruling out continued monitoring.

"There are international reports about psychological disturbances potentially related to intensive AI use, but this is not an established clinical diagnosis ... we are monitoring this closely because the potential health risk posed by AI and digital media is of real concern."

Workers' Party MP Dennis Tan Lip Fong filed a written question to the Ministry of Digital Development and Information on the resource footprint of the new artificial intelligence (AI) park at one-north: the projected annual electricity and water consumption at full capacity; how the Ministry will measure software-level energy efficiency for firms under the National AI Missions; and whether the Government will mandate energy-intensity disclosures for large-scale AI models to mitigate any rebound effect on national energy demand. Minister Josephine Teo replied that the one-north AI park is not a data-centre park but a hub for a growing community of AI developers and solution providers, with annual electricity and water consumption expected to be comparable to other technology-intensive industrial estates such as the Punggol Digital District. She stressed Singapore's commitment to advancing AI sustainably: the National AI R&D plan has named resource-efficient AI a research priority; green AI software is still a nascent field with no internationally recognised standard, so IMDA is working with the Green Software Foundation on the methodology for a new Software Carbon Intensity ISO standard and is promoting efficient compute use through the Green Software Trials and the newly launched Practical Green Software Guide for Enterprises; and on data centres, building on IMDA's Green DC roadmap, the Ministry will introduce baseline energy-efficiency standards through the Digital Infrastructure Act now being developed in consultation with industry.

"The planned Artificial Intelligence (AI) park at one-north is not a data centre park. It is designed to be a hub for a growing community of AI developers and solution providers."

Mr Alex Yeo asked the Acting Minister for Transport whether LTA's two-stage Deployment Readiness Assessment contains specific, quantifiable safety metrics that autonomous vehicles (AVs) must meet, what those standards are, and whether Technical Reference 68 (TR 68) will be enhanced — or a formal set of AV standards governing AI decision-making protocols introduced — before the first commercial AVs are allowed on the roads. Mr Jeffrey Siow replied that the deployment readiness assessment framework sets out technical performance and public acceptance metrics that must be met before AVs may take passengers and eventually progress to driverless operations. These include clocking sufficient distance on the actual deployment route without safety-operator intervention, and the ability to handle various traffic scenarios within the authorised geo-fenced area. TR 68, which serves as guidelines for Singapore's AV industry, was last updated in 2021 and is currently under review; in the meantime, AV deployments continue under the existing authorisation regime. The answer gave no specific quantitative thresholds and made no commitment to formal AI decision-making standards before commercial deployment.

"Technical Reference 68, which serves as guidelines for the AV industry in Singapore, was last updated in 2021 and is currently being reviewed."

Ms Eileen Chong Pei Shan filed two written questions to the Minister for Education on AI tools in schools: first, what minimum data protection standards schools must apply when directing students to use AI tools not hosted on the Singapore Student Learning Space (SLS), whether parental notification or consent is required before students use such tools for school-assigned work, and how compliance is monitored; second, the scope of the Ministry's study on AI's impact on students' learning — education levels covered and learning outcomes measured — the expected timeline for publishing findings, and how the findings will inform or revise the AI in education strategy. Mr Desmond Lee's written reply gave no new substance, stating that the questions had been addressed by the Ministry of Education's answer to oral Parliamentary Question Nos 2 to 5 on 6 May 2026, and referring the Member to "Monitoring AI Use by Primary School Students" in the Official Report, 6 May 2026, Vol 96, Issue 30, Oral Answers to Questions section.

"This question has been addressed by the Ministry of Education's answer to oral Parliamentary Question Nos 2 to 5 on 6 May 2026."

On 6 May Parliament resumed debate on NTUC Secretary-General Ng Chee Meng's motion "An AI Transition with No Jobless Growth", with around 20 MPs speaking in the most substantive AI debate of the 15th Parliament to date. The motion asked the House to recognise AI's transformative power for Singapore's next phase of growth, anchor AI-enabled growth in fairness, resilience and opportunity for all, equip workers and enterprises, and affirm that Singapore must not have jobless growth. PAP and labour MPs focused on job redesign, Company Training Committees and the new Tripartite Jobs Council. Workers' Party MPs all supported the motion but proposed structural alternatives: Gerald Giam a National AI Equity Fund paying every adult citizen a $500 annual dividend plus an on-the-job mastery fund; Andre Low a redundancy insurance with no income ceiling, a retraining tax credit and an annual "AI gains audit"; Kenneth Tiong universal premium AI tool access and sovereign-level engagement with frontier AI firms. Manpower Minister Tan See Leng rejected the WP proposals as "a settlement" rather than empowerment, cited an MOM survey that only about 6% of AI-adopting firms cut headcount, and committed to studying a higher Jobseeker Support income threshold and earlier retrenchment notification. Speakers on both sides declared support for the motion.

"Both your proposals are not empowerment. To me, it is a settlement. Resigned to the fact that mass displacement is inevitable and that the best we can do is soften the blow."

The debate on the Motion "An AI Transition with No Jobless Growth" concluded on 6 May. In clarifications, WP's Andre Low stressed that strong social safety nets and urging Singaporeans to embrace AI are not zero-sum; Gerald Giam defended his proposed National AI Equity Fund as "not about a compensation for failure", with nearly half the fund invested directly in workers' skills, and pressed the Government on structurally sharing AI productivity gains. Manpower Minister Tan See Leng replied that the sharing would come through real income improvement, with SWDA setting clear KPIs tying the Enterprise Workforce Training Package and job redesign to real wages and career progression. WP's Kenneth Tiong questioned the quality of SkillsFuture courses and argued for universal access to frontier AI tools, while Mark Lee countered that Tiong's proposed 90-day mandatory notice for AI-driven role elimination is operationally ambiguous when transformation is gradual. Yeo Wan Ling asked whether job redesign would be an explicit condition of AI grants; Minister of State Jasmin Lau said the direction is committed and details would be worked out with tripartite partners. Wrapping up the debate of 7 hours 18 minutes and 24 speeches, Ng Chee Meng backed raising Jobseeker Support eligibility to the PME median income of about $8,400 and said NTUC is open on the form of support. The Motion was put and agreed to unanimously.

"The National AI Equity Fund is not about a compensation for failure. It is about providing the security required for assurance and success."

Mr Yip Hon Weng asked the Coordinating Minister for Social Policies and Minister for Health in writing whether the Ministry has studied if AI-developed drugs can shorten or bypass clinical trials; if so, how their regulatory approval would differ from conventional products; what regulations currently govern AI healthcare innovations; and whether existing personal data protection and cybersecurity safeguards can prevent data leakage when AI accesses national patient data for product conceptualisation. Health Minister Ong Ye Kung replied that both AI-developed and conventionally developed drugs must meet the same international standards of quality, safety and efficacy — no shortcuts. The Health Sciences Authority's regulatory approach is aligned with international agencies such as the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency, which have set out key principles on the responsible use of AI in drug development. Patient data is robustly protected, including under the Personal Data Protection Act, and the Government will continue to monitor developments and strengthen safeguards as needed. The reply affirmed a "same standards" principle: AI does not change the evidentiary bar for drug approval.

"Both artificial intelligence- (AI-)developed and conventionally developed drugs must meet the same international standards of quality, safety and efficacy."

Workers' Party MP Sylvia Lim asked the Minister for Digital Development and Information in writing what technical accuracy benchmarks or liability frameworks the Intelligent Deepfake Detector (INDEPTH) must meet before transitioning from public service use to public use, and whether the Government will pilot a verification API within the ScamShield app to give citizens real-time risk scores for suspicious media. Minister Josephine Teo replied that INDEPTH is a deepfake detection platform designed specifically for Government agencies and is not intended for public use; revealing its detection capabilities would not be in the public interest as malicious actors may exploit such information. On ScamShield, she explained the app — built by Open Government Products with the National Crime Prevention Council and the Singapore Police Force — blocks verified scam calls, filters scam SMSes, and lets users check and report suspicious calls, messages and links, including content showing signs of digital manipulation such as deepfakes. The Government will keep strengthening its detection capabilities and public education, but has no plans at this juncture for a real-time risk-scoring verification API. The tension: the opposition wants government-grade detection tools in citizens' hands; the Government declines on security-through-secrecy grounds.

"It is not in the public interest to reveal its detection capabilities as malicious actors may exploit such information."

Following the launch of the Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI, Workers' Party MP Sylvia Lim asked the Minister for Digital Development and Information in writing how the Ministry intends to ensure "meaningful human accountability" for autonomous AI agents interacting with the public absent explicit disclosure requirements, and what triggers would shift the Framework from a voluntary code to enforceable standards for high-risk sectors. Minister Josephine Teo replied that the Framework sets out guidance for organisations: high-stakes or irreversible actions should not proceed without human review, with checkpoints or action boundaries requiring human approval. It also emphasises transparency towards users — declaring upfront that users are interacting with agents, and the agents' capabilities and data access. She said agentic AI use cases and safeguards are still evolving; together with sector regulators, the Government will monitor how sectors deploy agentic AI, consult international best practices, and adjust the framework as necessary. No concrete triggers for moving from voluntary to mandatory were given. The tension: the opposition pressed for a clear hardening pathway; the Government kept a flexible monitor-and-adjust stance.

"They should not allow high stakes or irreversible actions to take place without human review."

Workers' Party MP Ms Sylvia Lim filed written questions to the Minister for Digital Development and Information: does the Government test on vulnerable groups before deciding that AI-generated deepfake videos of political office-holders are so obviously fabricated that POFMA directions are unnecessary, and what threshold of public confusion must be met before proactive intervention under the Online Criminal Harms Act (OCHA)? Mrs Josephine Teo replied that under POFMA a Minister can issue a Correction Direction against false statements of fact communicated in Singapore where it is in the public interest, including deepfake videos; under OCHA the Government can direct online service providers to block Singapore users' access where there is reasonable suspicion of a First Schedule offence or activity preparatory to scams or malicious cyber activity. She stressed that harmful content is assessed holistically and intervention is not determined by any single factor, and pointed to public education — IMDA's Digital Skills for Life framework and the SG Digital Office's Gen AI workshops for seniors — as being as important as legislation.

"Public education initiatives are therefore as important as legislation to help our people become more vigilant and discerning when they go online."

Workers' Party MP Mr Gerald Giam asked the Minister for Digital Development and Information whether the Ministry will introduce visual indicator requirements for smart glasses to prevent surreptitious recording in public, and how it ensures AI-enabled wearables do not facilitate mass collection of biometric or environmental data without the explicit consent of bystanders. Mrs Josephine Teo replied that under the Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA), organisations — including individuals creating content for commercial purposes — are accountable for how personal data is collected and used, and that photography and recording are subject to the same rules regardless of the device's form factor. While the PDPA generally does not require consent for recording in public spaces, any subsequent use or disclosure, including for AI features, must be for a reasonable purpose and comply with other laws. Non-consensual recording or misuse of intimate content may constitute offences under the Penal Code and the Protection from Harassment Act, and content creators can be held accountable under the Online Safety (Relief and Accountability) Act. No device-specific new regulations were committed.

"The taking of photographs or making of video or audio recordings is subject to the same rules and principles regardless of the form factor of the device."

Workers' Party MP Ms He Ting Ru filed two written questions to the Minister for Manpower on AI's impact on the labour market: the latest assessment of the salary premium for AI skills and how it varies by sector and seniority, and the top occupations at risk of displacement plus targeted interventions for clerical, back-office and entry-level knowledge workers. Dr Tan See Leng replied that MOM data shows PMETs in infocomm, financial services and professional services have seen relatively higher retrenchment incidence in recent years, indicating ongoing restructuring rather than a contraction in PMET demand. MOM has no data on AI-skill salary premiums as corporate AI adoption is still at an early stage. Support measures include Workforce Singapore's Career Conversion Programmes for workers in clerical and back-office roles, the Graduate Industry Traineeship scheme for fresh graduates without full-time jobs, and SkillsFuture Singapore's simplified AI learning pathways. Later this year, Singaporeans taking eligible AI training courses will receive six months' complimentary access to premium AI tools. The Government will keep monitoring the labour market and calibrating support.

"Later this year, Singaporeans who take up eligible AI training courses will receive six months complimentary access to premium versions of AI tools, to build familiarity and allow them to practice applying these tools in real-world contexts."

NTUC Secretary-General Ng Chee Meng (Jalan Kayu) moved a parliamentary Motion on the evening of 5 May — also standing in the names of Mr Mark Lee, Mr Saktiandi Supaat and Ms Yeo Wan Ling — calling on the House to affirm that AI-enabled growth must be anchored in fairness, resilience and opportunity for all, and that Singapore must not have jobless growth. Citing NTUC surveys (one in five respondents named job security their top concern; 56% of PMEs felt they needed to upskill), he laid out four practical moves: building a Singapore-specific labour-market intelligence and foresight system; enabling enterprises to transform with AI alongside workers by scaling the Company Training Committee model (over 3,800 CTCs since 2019, benefiting more than 300,000 workers) jointly with SNEF under the new Tripartite Jobs Council; expanding training pathways such as AI-Ready SG (targeting over one million training places in the coming years); and helping displaced workers bounce back with dignity, including advance notification of retrenchments to the Government and expanding SkillsFuture Jobseeker Support coverage from the roughly $5,000 median income towards PME median income levels. The debate was adjourned to the next sitting day after his speech.

"Not AI instead of workers, but AI working for workers across all collars, across enterprises."

Workers' Party MP Dennis Tan Lip Fong asked the Ministry of Digital Development and Information in writing whether it intends to review the Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (PDPA) to address the use of inferred or derived data, including behavioural profiles generated by AI systems, and if so, what principles would guide such a review. Minister Josephine Teo replied that under the PDPA, data about an identifiable individual is personal data which organisations must safeguard when in their possession or control, and this also covers data about the individual that an organisation derives in the course of business from such personal data. She added that the Personal Data Protection Commission has published Advisory Guidelines on the Use of Personal Data in AI Recommendation and Decision Systems, setting out principles such as using data only for legitimate business purposes and limiting collection to what is needed. The reply effectively declines to commit to legislative review: the Government's position is that existing statutory definitions already cover derived data, supplemented by soft-law guidelines, leaving AI behavioural profiling without a dedicated legislative response.

"This also covers data about the individual that an organisation derives in the course of business from such personal data."

Workers' Party NCMP Mr Low Wu Yang Andre asked the Minister for Law in writing whether the Government has assessed the risk that widespread AI adoption in law firms will shrink the routine work — research and drafting — through which junior lawyers have traditionally developed professional judgment, and whether the new one-year practice training framework under the revised admission process is designed specifically to address this risk. Minister for Law Edwin Tong gave no substantive reply, stating that the Ministry of Law would answer this question orally together with other parliamentary questions filed on the same topic at the next available opportunity, and pointed to the consolidated reply "Workload Reduction at Law Firms from AI Use and Guidelines for Such Use" in the Official Report of 6 May 2026. The underlying tension: AI automation is eroding the legal profession's traditional apprenticeship pathway, while the Government's systematic assessment of the training-pipeline gap has yet to be made public.

"The Ministry of Law will provide an oral reply to this Parliamentary Question, together with other Parliamentary Questions which have been filed on this topic at the next available opportunity."

Workers' Party MP Low Wu Yang Andre filed a written question on the third-party predictive analytics and data-fusion software used by Government security agencies: do these agencies conduct independent audits of the underlying algorithms, and is the Government satisfied it can independently verify such software's methodology before relying on it for operational decisions? Coordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Home Affairs K Shanmugam replied that MHA has an AI governance framework covering the development and use of AI tools; all predictive analytics and data-fusion software, including third-party vendors' underlying algorithms, are evaluated against this framework, with risk assessment and mitigation applied per use case, and independent assessments and audits performed before and after deployment to ensure compliance. The exchange touches the accountability dilemma of algorithmic decision-making in security agencies: the opposition pushes for external verifiability, while the Government holds that its internal governance framework suffices, without disclosing who audits or how.

"Independent assessments and audits are performed before and after deployment of the AI application to ensure compliance."

MP Sharael Taha, citing rising geopolitical tensions and the growing use of cyber operations in hybrid conflict, asked in writing whether the Government assesses that Singapore's cyber threat exposure has heightened, and how it assesses overall cybersecurity readiness to protect critical information infrastructure, Government systems, businesses and residents against evolving threats including AI-enabled attacks, without compromising operational security. Minister for Digital Development and Information Josephine Teo replied that Singapore's status as a financial hub and digital economy makes it an attractive target; critical systems face higher standards under the Cybersecurity Act; the Cyber Security Agency (CSA) will update standards and equip critical-system owners with proprietary threat detection systems against advanced threat actors and AI-enabled threats; GovTech will require Government vendors managing critical systems to meet Cyber Trust Mark requirements; and the mandatory baseline for home routers will rise from Cyber Labelling Scheme Level 1 to Level 2, with similar standards explored for IP cameras. The Government conceded that even with the best defences, vigilance against AI-enabled cyber threats remains necessary.

"However, even with the best of defenses, we must remain vigilant and alert to evolving threats including AI-enabled cyber threats."

Dr Wan Rizal asked in writing whether the Ministry of Education tracks two hard metrics for participants in AI-related SkillsFuture programmes: employment in AI-related roles within six months, and median wage change within 12 months of completion. Minister for Education Desmond Lee replied that for placement programmes such as the SkillsFuture Career Transition Programmes (SCTPs), SkillsFuture Singapore (SSG) tracks placement rates: of the 8,000 learners who completed ICT-related SCTPs between June 2022 and March 2025, 44% found new roles or employment within six months (as of 30 September 2025). Wage outcomes are not tracked, on the grounds that multiple factors affect wages. Shorter courses are generally not tracked for placement; instead, SSG collects learner feedback through the TRAQOM survey on programme quality and perceived outcomes, published on the MySkillsFuture portal. The exchange exposes a tension: government investment in AI skills training is substantial, but effectiveness measurement still leans on subjective feedback rather than the employment and wage data the MP sought.

"Of the 8,000 learners who completed their ICT-related SCTP between June 2022 and March 2025, 44% found new roles or employment within six months of SCTP completion (as of 30 September 2025)."

Yio Chu Kang MP Yip Hon Weng and Bukit Panjang MP Liang Eng Hwa asked how the Middle East-triggered energy crisis is affecting hiring prospects. Manpower Minister Tan See Leng said the labour market remains resilient for now but firms have turned cautious — the share intending to hire in the next three months fell from 54.6% in February 2026 to 44.6% in March, with early signs of stabilisation in April. On longer-term structural impact, he said the crisis would accelerate shifts already underway (supply-chain diversification, digitalisation) and pointed directly to AI's energy implications: "with the move towards a pervasive adoption of AI, there will be a need for even more energy to drive the data centres and the high compute requirements of these AI data centres. Energy is really the new currency." Dr Choo Pei Ling asked whether workforce planning is adapting to persistent uncertainty from overlapping trade fragmentation, technological change and sectoral restructuring; the Minister answered "a resounding yes," citing over 12 hours of debate across two days (seven on AI).

"And with the move towards a pervasive adoption of AI, there will be a need for even more energy to drive the data centres and the high compute requirements of these AI data centres. Energy is really the new currency and it is existential for all of us."

Mr Victor Lye asked MDDI whether the Government would consider tighter controls and real-time anomaly detection for bulk SIM card purchases, SIM re-registration patterns and GSM gateway misuse, given their role in making overseas scam calls appear local. Senior Minister of State Tan Kiat How replied that upstream controls are already in place: from 1 October 2025 scam mules are barred from new mobile lines, and from 28 February 2026 each person is capped at 10 postpaid SIMs across all telcos (on top of the existing three-prepaid cap), while in 2025 the Police disrupted over 105,000 scam-related mobile lines. IMDA, GovTech and the Police use data analytics to detect suspicious purchase and registration patterns. Mr Lye pressed on whether there is real-time monitoring and who sets the thresholds. Mr Tan stressed this is a multi-agency and whole-of-society effort with the private sector, cited the saying (a Chinese proverb about defenders and adversaries perpetually escalating against one another) to explain that thresholds are adjusted dynamically, and — citing operational security — declined to share details while confirming the use of technology and data analytics, including AI. He noted phone-as-first-contact cases have fallen and SMS-as-first-contact cases dropped about 65% (from 1,285 in 2024 to 450 in 2025), and introduced SIMCardHowMany, a tool jointly built by IMDA and GovTech for the public to check how many postpaid SIMs are registered in their name.

"But certainly, we are using technology, data analytics, including leveraging technologies like AI."

Workers' Party MP Ms He Ting Ru asked the Minister for Sustainability and the Environment, with rising water demands from data centres, urban expansion and climate variability affecting local reservoirs, for the latest assessment of Singapore's water-insecurity risks — particularly ahead of the 2061 Johor Water Agreement expiry — and what accelerated measures are planned so the Four National Taps meet future needs without compromising food production or household supply. Minister Grace Fu replied that PUB continues to plan ahead and invest in water infrastructure, factoring in economic and population growth and climate change, and has diversified supply through the Four National Taps, including weather-resilient desalinated water and NEWater. Ms He pressed on two points: first, citing the World Bank's view that water is shifting from a background resource to a binding constraint and estimates of up to 6% GDP impact by 2050, how this systemic-risk framing — including plans to build databanks — is incorporated into fiscal and forward estimates for infrastructure planning; and second, given that the Middle East conflict has driven up energy prices, the impact on energy-intensive desalination costs and how Singapore is responding to prolonged energy-price volatility. Ms Fu reiterated that climate change is built into long-term water planning, that energy cost is a driver PUB has always watched, that PUB keeps seeking new technology to lower production costs including energy, and that recent Middle East events, while exacerbating cost pressure, do not change the long-term focus on bringing costs down.

"The World Bank has recently stated that the water will shift from a background resource to a binding constraint."

Workers' Party MP Sylvia Lim asked MHA how many police reports were received in 2025 over the circulation of AI-generated fake obscene images of real persons, what proportion involved perpetrators and victims who were fellow students, and what follow-up complainants can expect. Senior Minister of State Sim Ann (replying for the Coordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Home Affairs) acknowledged that the Police do not separately track how many obscene-materials cases involve AI-generated images of real persons. On any obscene-material report, the Police investigate as usual — interviewing the accused and witnesses, examining digital forensic evidence; for young victims they may notify parents or guardians and offer victim care services for psychological support; and where the images circulate online, the Police may issue directions under the Online Criminal Harms Act (OCHA) to online service providers to disable Singapore users' access. Lim pressed three supplementaries: (1) whether it is the Police's default to advise victims to act under the Protection from Harassment Act (a non-arrestable offence); (2) whether assisting in image takedowns, as happened after MPs appealed, is routine; and (3) when the Police would classify cases under arrestable Penal Code offences (e.g. ss 377BD, 377BE) and investigate with a view to prosecution. Sim Ann replied that there is no default route — everything depends on the facts disclosed, and where the facts support Penal Code offences relating to the circulation of intimate images, the Police will act accordingly; images circulating online can be blocked via directions to service providers once known in the course of investigation.

"If the AI-generated obscene images are circulating online, the Police may issue directions under the Online Criminal Harms Act to online service providers to disable Singapore users' access to them."

Several MPs (Charlene Chen, Kenneth Tiong, David Hoe and others) jointly questioned MOE on the safeguards and roadmap for introducing AI from primary school. Education Minister Desmond Lee answered four questions together, setting out MOE's "Four Learns" framework — learn about AI, learn to use AI, learn with AI and, most importantly, learn beyond AI. The calibrated roadmap: Primary 1–3 covers AI literacy only (awareness of AI's presence) with no work requiring direct AI use; from Primary 4, once pupils have foundational literacy, numeracy and executive-functioning skills, they may use purpose-built educational AI tools with built-in guardrails under teacher supervision (e.g. the writing assistant LEA and Maths LEA in the Student Learning Space), which are designed not to spoon-feed answers and to redirect off-task pupils "Socratically". A mandatory 10-hour "Code for Fun" programme (coding, computational thinking, AI basics) starts from Primary 4, with optional five-hour "AI for Fun" modules on generative AI and computer vision. Pupil data is anonymised and not used to train external models; commercial off-the-shelf tools require checks that inputs contain no personally identifiable information. On research, A*STAR's SG-LEADS longitudinal study (data collection from 2027) will track how children's AI use affects learning and well-being, alongside short-term school-based studies. Kenneth Tiong pressed MOE using Sweden's Karolinska Institute conclusion that "digital tools impair rather than enhance student learning" and Sweden's 2023 reversal of digitalisation (over €200m to reintroduce physical textbooks); Desmond Lee replied that Sweden had gone all-digital from age five and then fully reverted to analog, whereas Singapore takes a blended approach — keeping physical textbooks and teacher-centric teaching, treating AI as a tool, and crucially distinguishing general-purpose AI from purpose-built educational AI, since failing to do so would risk the wrong policy of not using AI at all. On parental opt-out: SLS classroom tools that are part of teaching cannot be opted out of, but externally-brought-in tools requiring consent will not be used without it. Eileen Chong raised the "equity paradox" — that more disadvantaged children with less adult supervision at home may lean on AI more, eroding the very cognitive development it is meant to support; the Minister called this an "evergreen" concern, to be met through internalised AI literacy and home-school-community partnership.

"It is far better to start AI literacy young and start getting our kids to use AI for learning in a highly scaffolded teacher supervised and of course, parents supervised way."

Mr Vikram Nair, citing the US Court's finding that Meta and Alphabet were negligent in designing platforms that harmed young people, asked MDDI whether the Government would regulate young people's access to social media, including a potential ban. Minister of State Ms Rahayu Mahzam (for MDDI) first noted the matter had been covered in earlier written replies, then engaged the supplementary: the Government is taking reference from the judgment, whose findings "add to the growing body of evidence"; the harms are real and taken seriously — but it takes a different approach, seeking something more effective and more durable that can withstand the evolution of technology. She stressed that the judgment showed it is specific features and dimensions of platforms that cause harm, not the platforms wholesale, so MDDI targets the specific harms and the specific design features that produce them, calibrated by the user's age — which is "more demanding, more rigorous than a blanket ban". Singapore is not starting from a blank slate: it already has the Code of Practice for Online Safety, age assurance for apps and annual reporting by designated social media services, and has recently acted against X and TikTok. Next, it will extend age assurance to designated social media services and move beyond content to design features — direct messaging from strangers, auto-play, other features driving excessive use, and "emerging risks from AI companions". The Government is not foreclosing a ban ("we will do whatever it takes to protect our young ones"), but notes a blanket ban is not a globally accepted position — Estonia, Belgium and New York State have not applied one, and Australia has amended its law toward a more targeted, design-feature-focused approach.

"Other features that drive excessive use, emerging risks from AI companions and all that. So, we are actually going to break it down and see how we can improve it."

Mr Saktiandi Supaat and Mr Edward Chia asked MDDI about the threat that frontier AI models — naming Anthropic's Mythos, which can autonomously identify and exploit software vulnerabilities — pose to Singapore's financial system and critical infrastructure, and whether this constitutes a new class of systemic financial risk. Replying for the Minister, Senior Minister of State Mr Tan Kiat How framed it as a continuum rather than a step change: the Government has no access to Mythos (Anthropic released it only to a limited set of partners under controlled preview, with no local bank granted access), but OpenAI's GPT-5.5 already shows comparable cyber capabilities and is more widely available, and open-source models will likely catch up within months. He cited evidence that AI is already changing attacks — Google's 2025 report on PROMPTFLUX malware, which consults a live AI model mid-attack to rewrite its own code and evade detection, and a 2024 case where criminals used an AI-generated deepfake video call to impersonate a multinational's CFO and trick an employee into transferring US$25.6 million. The Government characterises this as an amplification of an existing systemic risk, not a wholly new category. Concrete actions: MAS has convened the CEOs of major financial institutions to drive collective cyber-resilience action; and CSA issued a letter that day to the boards and senior leadership of all 11 critical information infrastructure (CII) sectors, requiring a review of cyber risk posture in light of AI-enabled threats. Mr Tan set out five priorities (revisit risk assessments, know your assets, patch faster with continuous monitoring, govern your own AI use, and use AI in defence), stressing that the Government is building AI cyber-defence capabilities in-house to avoid dependence on any single external party.

"With AI, vulnerabilities that once took expert teams weeks to detect manually can now be identified autonomously in hours, sometimes minutes."

The substance of this debate is MOE's Comprehensive Action Review Against Bullying (caning, restorative practice, reporting channels), with AI as one substantive strand within it. Workers' Party MP Ms Sylvia Lim (Aljunied), in Parliamentary Question No 25, specifically asked whether there is an increasing incidence of students creating and circulating AI-generated fake obscene images of fellow students, and whether MOE provides guidance on handling such cases. The Minister for Education, Mr Desmond Lee, replied that the technology is recent — cases have risen from zero and the numbers remain small, but MOE is watching closely. The handling pathway includes updated cyber wellness lessons teaching students to use such powerful tools ethically and legally; the Online Safety Commission (OSC), operational by end-June 2026, which will let victims of online harms such as intimate-image abuse seek faster assistance and takedowns; and the recognition that takedowns are a sustained effort when content proliferates across platforms. Where perpetrators are anonymous, schools must work with the OSC and the Police. Mr Lee cited a real 2024 case in which secondary-school students created AI-generated deepfake obscene nudes of female students and were dealt with firmly through both Police investigation and school discipline. Mr Melvin Yong asked whether MOE would work with IMDA and social-media platforms to speed up takedowns of harmful content; the Minister answered yes.

"One may recall an unfortunate incident in 2024, where some secondary school students created AI-generated deep fakes of female students, obscene nudes – they were identified and they were dealt with firmly, not just through Police investigation but also by school disciplinary action."

Workers' Party MP Gerald Giam asked MDDI whether mandatory centralised government security vetting should be introduced for personnel with access to Singapore's critical information infrastructure (CII) — including foreign-national technical experts in telco and energy — to mitigate insider threats and state-sponsored APTs. Minister Josephine Teo replied with three positions: (1) profile-based assumptions about who is "safer" are themselves a vulnerability — defence has to assume any person with access could be an insider threat; (2) security vetting is not a silver bullet, since determined adversaries will specifically work around any known vetting regime; (3) the operative model is zero-trust architecture with least-privileged access, continuous verification and anomaly monitoring — defence-in-depth, not vetting alone. Giam pressed whether the public-servant standard (G50) should be extended to CII super-user / admin roles; the Minister noted that for certain access types arrangements already exist, but specific requirements are not publicly disclosed for security reasons.

"Security by design means that you have all these multiple layers of defences in order to be able to guard against the cyber risk."

Mr Melvin Yong (Radin Mas) asked MOM about the labour-market mismatch — strong hiring demand for engineers and technology specialists alongside rising PMET retrenchments — flagged in the annual job vacancies report. Senior Parliamentary Secretary Mr Shawn Huang replied that the mismatch is structural: firms are expanding technology functions, sustaining demand for jobs like AI engineers, while restructuring traditional PMET roles that are easier to automate; retrenched PMETs typically lack the specific technical skills these new roles require. As of December 2025, finance and infocomm sectors had combined PMET vacancies of 9,400 (4,100 + 5,300) against just 960 PMET retrenchments across both sectors that quarter. Workforce Singapore's Career Conversion Programme has placed 7,300+ workers into tech and engineering roles over the last three years. Dr Neo Kok Beng (NMP) asked whether WSG could partner directly with professional institutions to design industry-relevant curricula instead of relying solely on universities and polytechnics; the Senior Parliamentary Secretary confirmed this is already happening.

"Firms are expanding technology functions, driving sustained demand for jobs like AI engineers, while restructuring other PMET roles that have become easier to automate."

Workers' Party NCMP Mr Low Wu Yang Andre asked MDDI: (a) whether the whole-of-Government data architecture permits proprietary AI / data analytics platforms from foreign-headquartered vendors to process citizen data; and (b) what legal and technical safeguards prevent foreign governments from compelling disclosure under their domestic laws. Minister of State Ms Jasmin Lau replied that the Government uses a risk-based approach: access on a needs basis under the principle of least privilege; vendors must implement non-retention, encryption, and identity/access management; data residency may be required for sensitive data; governance frameworks and contracts constrain use, storage and retention. In the supplementary, Mr Low named Palantir Technologies — which has become the dominant AI/data/security supplier to governments globally — and pressed on the US CLOUD Act, which compels US-headquartered companies to disclose data even when stored offshore. The Minister acknowledged this directly: "Legal and contractual agreements aside, the reality is that no matter what legal provisions the contracts may contain, some jurisdictions like the US may have legislation, including with extraterritorial reach, that empower government agencies to require companies within their jurisdictions to provide certain information... Such legislation can override contractual obligations." This is the first time the Government has publicly acknowledged on the parliamentary floor that contractual data residency can be overridden by foreign extraterritorial law.

"Some jurisdictions like the US may have legislation including with extraterritorial reach that empower government agencies to require companies within their jurisdictions to provide certain information... Such legislation can override contractual obligations."

Health Minister Ong Ye Kung used the MOH Committee of Supply debate to announce that Singapore has officially become a super-aged society (over 21% of the population aged 65+). MOH unveiled the ACE-AI predictive tool (developed by Synapxe) for diabetes and hyperlipidaemia risk screening, anchored on an "AI-enhanced, not AI-decided" principle, with rollout to all Healthier SG clinics from early 2027. Other measures: BRCA1/2 genetic testing subsidy from December 2026 (up to 70%); MediShield Life cover for preventive surgeries (mastectomy in Q3 2026, salpingo-oophorectomy in Q4 2026); and higher MediSave chronic and preventive care limits (raised from 500/700 to 700/1000 from January 2027), benefiting 910,000+ patients.

"AI-enhanced, not AI-decided — clinicians remain in the loop."

The most AI-intensive debate in Budget 2026. The MDDI GPC delivered coordinated scrutiny across six themes: AI value proposition, digital capabilities, ethical governance, inclusive growth, infrastructure and cybersecurity, and a high-trust digital society. Minister Josephine Teo announced: (1) support for 100,000 workers to become "AI bilingual", starting with accountancy and legal professions and scaled via TeSA; (2) the world's first Model Governance Framework for Agentic AI; (3) Singapore will host the second International Scientific Exchange on AI Safety to update the "Singapore Consensus"; (4) targeted action to close the SME AI gap so that frontier firms do not pull away. MP focus areas: deepfake regulation (Christopher de Souza), AI media literacy (Fadli Fawzi), data centre investment competition, AI impact on PMEs, and cybersecurity against AI-enabled threats.

"Not all of us can be AI engineers. But we can be "bilingual" in AI in our own areas of expertise."

The MTI Committee of Supply debate focused on AI-driven structural economic transformation. MPs asked whether Industry Transformation Maps (ITMs) genuinely drive productivity gains or merely help firms cut costs, pressing on how to measure real productivity uplift (management upgrades, process redesign, business model change) rather than simple adoption rates of digital tools. Focus areas: SMEs struggling with AI implementation, the gap between university/A*STAR research and commercial exit in the AI startup scene, AI-enabled dark patterns (fake reviews, subscription traps) threatening consumers. A proposal: an AI assistant on government portals that recommends grants and schemes based on each firm's profile.

The MOE Committee of Supply debate examined AI's structural impact on the education system. MP Darryl David framed AI as more than another tech trend — it is reshaping industries, organisational models and the skills needed to create value. The debate focused on: (1) tiered professional development for teachers — foundational AI tool / digital pedagogy training, advanced curriculum design and ethics, continuous tracking of AI trends; (2) inclusive AI education ensuring students of all abilities benefit; (3) critical thinking — when generative AI can produce essays and code in seconds, the differentiator is independent judgement and critical use of AI; (4) expanding AI and data analytics courses through adult education (e.g. PACE).

"The differentiator will not be access to technology. It will be the capacity to engage with these tools critically."

The MOM Committee of Supply debate was the centrepiece for AI and workforce issues in the Budget. Minister Tan See Leng framed AI as transforming the nature of work — not only what jobs people do, but how work is organised, skills are built, and careers evolve. Key threads: (1) AI as a gamechanger that can augment or displace workers depending on how jobs are redesigned; (2) SkillsFuture participation exceeding 600,000, with 458,000+ Singaporeans using SkillsFuture credits; (3) reframing "job redesign" as "human-with-AI job redesign", using design thinking to combine AI with human judgement, empathy and creativity; (4) mid-career PMEs face the highest risk and need career health to become mainstream, preventive and personalised; (5) generative AI poses higher risk to white-collar work than to manual / dexterity-based roles. MPs' threads: Industry Transformation Maps (ITMs), forward-looking when introduced in 2016, must be sharpened to give clear direction on AI-driven business process redesign, workforce-transition timelines and credible pathways into new roles; Ms Yeo Wan Ling argued the 2026 expansion of the Non-traditional Sources Occupation List (NTS-OL) must be coupled with productivity-linked conditions — structured training of locals, skills transfer from foreign workers, and job redesign; NMP Assoc Prof Terence Ho warned of an "AI divide" and proposed free or subsidised time-limited access to premium AI tools (the US$20–30/month tier) for mature workers, with longer-term subsidies for lower-income Singaporeans; Assoc Prof Jamus Jerome Lim cautioned that agentic AI threatens entry-level positions and called for institutionalising the GRIT programme as a national on-the-job training subsidy.

"AI is a gamechanger. It can augment workers or displace them, depending on how work and jobs are redesigned."

MP Dr Charlene Chen asked how the government is monitoring teen use of AI chatbots for mental health counselling and how it protects vulnerable users. Senior Minister of State for Health Dr Koh Poh Koon replied that AI chatbots are now ubiquitous, making tracking impractical. He stated clearly that generative AI chatbots are not suitable substitutes for qualified mental-health providers because of risks of misinformation and inappropriate responses that could cause harm. Young people turn to them for anonymity and 24/7 availability. The government's strategy: promote legitimate alternatives (mindline 1771, mindline.sg, CHAT), and require app stores under the Code of Practice for Online Safety to implement age assurance by end-March 2026.

MP Valerie Lee asked what government measures are pushing AI in the energy generation sector, and how households and businesses are supported to use AI for energy efficiency. MOS Gan Siow Huang responded: (1) the Energy Market Authority (EMA) launched a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) regulatory sandbox in 2025, using AI to forecast renewable output and optimise capacity against market conditions; (2) EMA already uses AI internally for solar forecasting; (3) Enterprise Singapore supports the SBF Cost and Carbon Reduction Programme, with AI tools helping SMEs identify cost-down and decarbonisation opportunities. Supplementaries focused on training AI talent for the energy sector and overseas experience with AI in dispatch and renewables.

In his closing speech to the Budget debate, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Lawrence Wong explicitly identified AI as the centrepiece of Budget 2026. Budget 2026 aims to make AI a strategic advantage, drive nationwide AI adoption, and allow Singaporeans to fully capture technology-driven opportunities. The speech positions AI as a key component of the national action plan against a backdrop of geopolitical fragmentation and a weakening multilateral order.

MOS Zhulkarnain responded to several MPs' concerns about children's screen time and online safety during the MSF Committee of Supply debate. The government's strategy includes helping children stay safe online, use AI responsibly, and — by reducing screen time — giving parents more space for family interaction. The discussion centred on protecting minors in the AI era without blocking their ability to learn and adapt to new technologies.

Two AI issues drew attention in the MSF Committee of Supply debate. MP Rachel Ong raised the threat of AI deepfakes — especially sexually exploitative content — to children and vulnerable groups, asking what safeguards exist and how MSF coordinates with other agencies. Separately, MP Neo Kok Beng warned that AI automation is displacing traditional jobs for persons with disabilities (packing, sorting, basic admin, coding), calling for a shift from "protective employment" to building disability employment resilience in the AI economy.

In the MCCY Committee of Supply debate, several Malay/Muslim MPs focused on the community's readiness for the AI economy. MP Saktiandi Supaat argued that AI transformation strategy must ensure children and youth not only use technology but create value with it, citing a Sec 4 student who is curious about AI but lacks deeper understanding. MP Wan Rizal addressed youth transitions from higher education into the AI-driven labour market. The debate referenced the National AI Council, National AI Mission and AI Champions programme as creating new opportunities for Malay/Muslim businesses, while asking: is the community ready to step into this new world?

During the MOH Committee of Supply debate, MP Dr Choo Pei Ling delivered a focused speech on "healthcare technology and AI". She argued that clinicians face a triple burden of clinical complexity, administrative load, and coordination demands; generative AI can assist with clinical documentation, while clinical decision-support systems can synthesise complex information. She called for accelerating AI deployment in healthcare and stressed that scaling from pilots to routine clinical practice requires solving the rollout barriers.

During the MOH Committee of Supply debate, MP Mariam Jaafar delivered a landmark speech on AI in healthcare policy. She put a bigger question to the Minister: if healthcare is truly a national AI mission, the goal cannot just be incremental adoption — Singapore must build a complete system (infrastructure, governance, talent, and the underlying plumbing) so that AI safely, effectively and at scale improves outcomes for every patient. She identified the need to cultivate "translator" talent fluent in both clinical realities and machine learning. Once AI is shown to deliver real patient benefit safely and reliably at scale, Singapore will gain a decisive global competitive advantage.

The MOT Committee of Supply debate covered two significant AI threads. First, the Next-Generation Port at Tuas uses automation, advanced sensors, predictive analytics and AI to keep the infrastructure globally competitive — but requires responsible deployment to manage workforce transitions. Second, an MP proposed a bolder vision: under the Sijori framework, the National AI Mission can act as a "force multiplier", enabling cross-border smart factories, multimodal logistics optimisation, embedded trade finance, and stronger regional medical/bio-manufacturing supply chains — turning infrastructure expansion into a coordinated, AI-powered economic engine.

The MND Committee of Supply debate discussed how AI and robotics could remake construction. The core thread: how tech progress can save time, cut costs, and reduce manpower demand. AI and robotics promise to turn construction into a fast, smart, highly automated industry, addressing the sector's chronic labour shortages and productivity issues.

In the continuation of the MSE Committee of Supply debate, the MOS responded to MPs' questions about AI applications. The discussion centred on using AI to improve the specificity and sensitivity of recycling streams and to lift waste-sorting and resource recovery efficiency. The government said it is exploring AI to boost food production efficiency under Singapore Food Story 2.0.

Sustainability and the Environment Minister Grace Fu spoke on AI's role in climate prediction during the MSE Committee of Supply debate. One MSE research project uses AI to improve forecasts of heavy rainfall and strong winds, sharpening early warnings. This is a concrete example of systematically embedding AI in the government's climate-adaptation strategy.

During the MSE Committee of Supply debate, MPs asked whether the Ministry has explored using AI to strengthen Singapore's climate resilience initiatives. The discussion centred on using the latest technology to forecast extreme weather and the potential for AI to sharpen project accuracy. Multiple MPs raised concerns about the practical impacts of climate change on Singapore and the technological responses.

Education Minister Desmond Lee anchored MOE's Committee of Supply debate, placing AI alongside the geopolitical paradigm shift and climate change as the three defining uncertainties facing the education system. MOE laid out a four-pronged AI literacy framework: (1) Learn about AI — understand principles and limits; (2) Learn to use AI — partner with industry so students use tools effectively and responsibly; (3) Learn with AI — educators infuse AI into teaching and learning to improve outcomes; (4) Learn beyond AI — develop the irreplaceable human capabilities so students "use AI to amplify their impact" rather than be displaced. Minister of State Jasmin Lau owns MOE's AI agenda and frames it within the national AI strategy. On teacher workflow, AI is being used to reduce administrative load, alongside the Reimagining the Teaching Profession Taskforce recommendations to streamline processes, strengthen support, and protect after-work hours. Senior Minister of State David Neo tied the COS theme "We Learn for Life Together" to the AI age — students must learn "to live life the way life was supposed to be lived" amid rapid technological change. SkillsFuture Singapore also announced the SME AI Skills Launchpad Initiative rolling out progressively from March 2026, with SkillsFuture Queen Bees delivering free AI masterclasses for SMEs.

"Learn beyond AI. Educators will help students develop other critical skills, so that they can add human value and use AI to amplify their impact."

Questions focused on the weakening of the global multilateral order and economic vulnerability. The government emphasised economic resilience and AI investment under the new global order. The central debate is how to navigate geopolitical tension and economic uncertainty.

"Growth in the major economies held up, supported in part by strong investment in artificial intelligence (AI)-related activities."

MPs questioned the government's budget plans to push AI economy and global leadership, and probed whether a state-owned AI corporation should be set up to protect data sovereignty and the public interest. The government responded with National AI Strategy 2.0, emphasising data security, technical performance, and international cooperation. The core debate: how to prevent global tech giants from dominating Singapore's AI market, avoid data leakage and tech dependency, and regulate foreign use of public data including how returns are shared.

"We have robust data protection framework to facilitate the secure processing of data."

MP Denise Phua asked the Ministry of Digital Development and Information about alternative Singpass identity-verification options for users with medical conditions that prevent facial verification — particularly when setting up digital tokens with banks — and whether requirements would be reviewed to avoid excluding such users from essential services. Minister of State Jasmin Lau replied: (1) GovTech and MAS jointly issued a Straits Times Forum reply on 4 February 2026 confirming alternatives such as one-time passwords or hardware tokens for users unable to use facial-recognition technology due to medical conditions or disabilities; (2) MAS requires banks to provide at least one non-Singpass alternative; (3) Government digital services are tested with citizens of varying abilities to ensure accessibility; (4) the Government openly acknowledged "we can definitely do much better in communicating and explaining these different methods of access to our citizens." Phua's supplementaries pressed whether the alternatives are systematic across all digital banks and whether they are properly communicated; the Minister reiterated MAS's regulatory requirement and committed to stronger public education.

"On the point about public education, we can definitely do much better in communicating and explaining these different methods of access to our citizens."

MPs asked, after Meta's acquisition of Singapore-based AI startup Manus, about the share of local employees, retention guarantees, and technology transfer safeguards. The government replied that the acquisition is a commercial agreement and it does not intervene in specific terms; firms must comply with Singapore labour law and fair hiring rules, and EDB drives skills transfer and talent development. MPs focused on whether firms benefiting from Singapore's business environment genuinely deliver value to local workers post-acquisition, and suggested setting local hiring targets for "red-card" companies and preventing the abuse of shell-company structures.

"The Ministry of Manpower (MOM) does not intervene in such acquisition agreements."

An MP asked whether the government has studied AI software adoption broken down between Singapore SMEs, MNCs and individuals. The government replied that since 2023, IMDA has been tracking adoption across firms of different sizes and their workers via the annual Singapore Digital Economy Report. The core debate is on adoption differences across actors and the transparency of the data.

"The Government tracks artificial intelligence (AI) adoption as part of broader efforts to develop the digital economy."

An MP asked whether the government is studying for whom AI is a substitute versus a complement, and whether there are differences between SMEs and MNCs. The government replied that it is studying AI's labour-market impact and that effects depend on the nature of business activities and job roles rather than firm size. The government supports all firms in job redesign and worker reskilling to help displaced workers transition — an inclusive workforce-transformation approach.

"The impact of AI on workers and firms depends more on the nature of business activities and job roles than on firm size."

MPs asked about take-up of SkillsFuture-supported AI training courses and whether targets exist for PMEs. The government replied that around 105,000 individuals participated last year, with no fixed targets but ongoing encouragement of lifelong learning backed by subsidies. MPs raised the difficulty of course selection and the cost of advanced courses, suggesting better course recommendations and more funding support for PMEs. The government said it will keep refining course guidance and industry collaboration to push more personalised training paths.

"We are working with the industry to look to see how we develop the list of tasks and map them to the courses."

MPs asked MOE about its policy on optimal class sizes given the increasingly complex challenges teachers face — diverse learning needs, mental-health challenges, and special educational needs. The Education Minister replied that class sizes are calibrated to students' learning needs, with smaller classes for special education and early intervention, alongside more counsellors and special-needs staff. The core debate is on balancing resource allocation and teaching quality so students with diverse needs get enough support.

"The Ministry of Education's approach for class sizes is guided by the learning needs of our students."

An MP asked whether the Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore is reviewing Meta's acquisition of local AI startup Manus and how such acquisitions affect the domestic AI startup scene. The government replied there is no current review and stressed Singapore's voluntary merger notification regime, which encourages innovation while guarding against anti-competitive risks. The core debate is whether the framework is sufficient for fast-moving AI-industry M&A.

"Singapore adopts a voluntary merger notification regime to balance between effective regulatory oversight while keeping compliance costs low and not stifling innovation."

An MP asked whether quarterly statistics on AI-related retrenchments and the redeployment of affected workers will be published. The government replied that retrenchments are mainly attributed to business restructuring (which includes AI-driven productivity gains) and that it will continue to study technology's impact on jobs. The central debate is the transparency of AI retrenchment data and how its specific impact is assessed.

"Business restructuring may stem from productivity improvements or work efficiency gains arising from the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) or other technological advances."

An MP asked whether the property-agent code of ethics will be updated to require declaration of AI-edited listing images and videos. The government responded that existing rules require advertising materials to accurately describe the property, and recommended that agents provide disclaimers about AI use to avoid misleading consumers. The CEA is reviewing the guidance to balance consumer protection with industry innovation. The central debate is how to regulate AI use and information transparency.

"agents should provide sufficient disclaimers to inform consumers of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to alter or enhance images or videos"

An MP asked about the government's plans to deploy agentic AI systems to automate civil service job functions, and about HR policies for officers made redundant by AI. The government replied that AI deployment will proceed cautiously, with a focus on upskilling officers to work alongside AI on complex problem analysis and solution design — reflecting a balance between efficiency gains and risk control.

"Agentic AI systems are AI tools capable of initiating and carrying out actions."

MPs raised teachers' high stress levels and mental-health support, with concern over the low share of young teachers and their non-teaching workload. The Education Minister stressed the noble responsibility of the teaching profession, acknowledged heavy workload, and committed to reviewing and improving the allocation of non-teaching tasks to safeguard teacher well-being. The central debate is how to effectively reduce teacher load and retain young teachers.

"Teaching is, at its heart, a profoundly human endeavour."

An MP asked whether the PSLE emphasises rote learning, whether it nurtures a love of lifelong learning, and how it compares with inquiry-based, collaborative approaches abroad. MOE replied that the PSLE focuses on core concepts and critical thinking, emphasising diverse pedagogies and 21st-century competencies, with international assessments showing students perform well in complex problem-solving. MPs raised concerns about teaching quality in lower-income, higher-needs schools and lessons from overseas. MOE highlighted that inquiry and collaboration are integrated in teacher training. The core debate: how to balance academic rigour with creative capacity.

"PSLE does not emphasise rote learning or test-taking skills."

An MP asked whether MOE will develop an age-progressive framework for responsible use of generative AI, plus parent guidance. MOE replied that it has provided schools with age-appropriate AI guidance via the Digital Literacy and Technology Skills guide and has resources for parents to support reasonable AI use at home. The central debate: how to systematise age-progressive guidance and school-family coordination.

"The Ministry of Education has provided schools with guidance on age-appropriate AI use in education."

An MP asked whether SkillsFuture Credit eligibility will be extended to cover subscriptions to high-quality AI productivity tools for hands-on learning. The government replied that AI-related courses and tools are already supported, courses already include practical tools, and given the fast pace of AI it will keep watching and supporting relevant skills development. The central debate: whether tool subscriptions themselves should be directly covered by SkillsFuture Credit.

"Today, individuals can use their SkillsFuture Credit to sign up for artificial intelligence (AI)-related courses."

An MP asked why students are turning away from traditional engineering disciplines, how curricula and pay can be aligned with emerging industries, and whether public-sector hiring and scholarship policies will be adjusted. MOE replied that it works with economic agencies to update curricula and promote interdisciplinary engineering education; industry taskforces address built-environment talent shortages and pay competition; and career guidance and public-sector recruitment are being strengthened. The core debate: how industry pay and working conditions affect talent attraction.

"Students do not just choose a course of study. Their choices are also influenced by the future careers associated with the course of study."

An MP asked whether MOE will get NIE and ECDA to collaborate on brain-based learning research across learning profiles, and proposed an interdisciplinary taskforce on brain-based learning combined with adaptive AI in education. MOE replied that multi-party education research is already in place, curriculum design draws on neuroscience and educational psychology, and expert input is reflected — without explicitly committing to a new taskforce. The central debate: whether a dedicated team is needed to drive deeper integration of brain science and AI.

"MOE grounds its curriculum design and pedagogies in educational theories which draws from various research fields, including neuroscience and educational psychology."

Questions focused on the latest progress of Jobs Transformation Maps, support for mid-career employees adapting to industry shifts, and assistance for workers in restructuring sectors. The government replied that 19 JTMs have been launched, covering about 1.7 million workers, and that career conversion programmes help mid-career workers reskill while industry insights drive upskilling and job redesign in restructuring sectors. The core debate: how to effectively implement JTM recommendations so mid-career and restructuring-sector workers transition smoothly.

"To date, 19 Jobs Transformation Maps (JTMs) have been launched, covering about 1.7 million employed residents."

An MP asked whether Singapore is studying Denmark's use of copyright law to fight deepfakes. The government said it takes the online harms of deepfakes seriously and will introduce new legislation to strengthen victims' redress. It stressed that copyright law primarily supports innovation and creativity, is not the right tool to regulate technology abuse, and related infringements can be handled via other IP laws. The core debate: whether copyright law is appropriate for deepfake governance.

"The primary purpose of our copyright law is to support innovation and incentivise creativity."

MPs asked about the cyclical and structural drivers behind the lower share of fresh graduates landing full-time employment, and how the Graduate Industry Traineeships (GRIT) programme can ease the difficulty. The debate focused on GRIT's implementation details, quality safeguards, long-term returns, and support for strategic industries. The government emphasised structured training and firm participation to lift graduate competitiveness; MPs focused on programme effectiveness and fair conversion mechanisms. The core debate: whether the programme genuinely improves long-term employment quality.

"How does the GRaduate Industry Traineeships Programme address these factors?"

An MP asked how the government works with IHLs to develop frameworks that review curricula and track skills-obsolescence risk for recent graduates, and how long-term employability is measured. The government replied that it monitors graduate outcomes via employment surveys, regularly aligns curricula with industry needs, and strengthens industry-school partnerships and internships to lift students' AI and interdisciplinary capabilities. The core debate: how to effectively respond to skills-update challenges from rapid AI advances.

"The Institutes of Higher Learning seek to align their curriculum with evolving industry needs."

An MP asked how MOE ensures regular curriculum updates to match future economic needs, especially in digitalisation, sustainability, and healthcare. MOE replied that it uses regular reviews, industry consultations, and teacher industry stints to keep content tracking industry developments — school curricula are reviewed every 6–8 years, IHL curricula more frequently, and priority areas like AI update faster. The core debate: whether update frequency matches industry needs.

"The Ministry of Education and our Institutes of Higher Learning regularly review the curriculum to ensure students develop competencies needed to thrive in the future economy."

In light of AGO findings on contract management and tender evaluation errors, an MP asked whether the Public Service Division uses AI and other technologies to lift efficiency and reduce errors. The government replied that it has been actively exploring such use and has begun applying AI in suitable areas to ensure contract evaluations align with procurement principles. The core debate: how to effectively use AI to increase transparency and efficiency in government procurement.

"the Government has been actively exploring the use of technology, including artificial intelligence, in procurement"

MPs asked how MAS ensures fintech platforms and non-bank institutions maintain liquidity and manage withdrawal risks, and strengthens retail-investor protection. The government replied that such investment platforms operate under Capital Markets Services licences, client assets are segregated from platform assets, and withdrawals follow set timeframes. In a recent withdrawal surge incident, the platforms' risk management worked as intended, though limits were placed on some instant withdrawals and linked debit-card features — reflecting a balance between regulatory flexibility and risk control.

"The recent incident involving a surge in withdrawals from an investment platform illustrate that the safeguards worked as intended."

MPs asked about digital infrastructure resilience and security safeguards, focusing on cloud and data centre security guidelines. The government emphasised the strong growth of Singapore's digital economy and the issuance of guidance to lift infrastructure security, ensuring digital transformation is sustainable and inclusive. The core debate: how to further strengthen infrastructure against round-the-clock operational risks.

"A small failure in our digital infrastructure can cause major disruptions to our economic activities and daily lives."

MPs questioned the effectiveness of MOM's retirement security, workforce-upgrading and inclusive workplace efforts, with a focus on the challenges of an ageing workforce. They proposed using assistive technologies to redesign jobs and setting up dedicated training centres to lift senior employment rates. The government has yet to respond fully; the debate centres on tackling ageing-workforce shortages and the economic impact.

"We must adopt such innovations widely. Singapore can, and should, become a hub for such innovations."

MPs asked about the potential impact of geopolitical tensions on Singapore's economy, particularly the risks of protectionism and tariff wars. The government replied that the global multilateral free-trade system is under pressure and trade wars may disrupt supply chains, hurting investment and growth. The core debate: how to navigate external uncertainty and domestic resource constraints while sustaining growth.

"Our economic success did not happen by chance. It was the result of a combination of factors."

MPs raised post-pandemic employment recovery, inflation pressure, and protection of vulnerable groups. The Manpower Minister replied that resident unemployment has dropped to 2.8%, with skills training, the Progressive Wage Model and retirement security supporting employment across different age and vulnerable groups; income growth has outpaced inflation and the labour market remains strong. The core debate: how to keep lifting low-income welfare and respond to global economic uncertainty.

"We helped workers and businesses to emerge stronger."

MPs asked whether Singapore's economy can outperform the 2025 1–3% growth forecast, emphasising the importance of growth for jobs and international competitiveness. The government replied that growth requires overcoming tight constraints on land, workforce and now carbon, through structural productivity gains, firm transformation, and infrastructure investment. The core debate: how to achieve higher growth under resource constraints.

"To do that, it requires us to steadfastly work on overcoming our tight constraints on land and workforce and now also carbon."

MPs asked how Singapore can maintain its competitive edge as an international dispute resolution hub, especially against rising competitors like Abu Dhabi. The government stressed that Singapore's rule of law, professional talent and innovation continue to attract cross-border dispute cases, and pushes international mediation conventions. The core debate: how to handle global competition and attract talent so Singapore's lead is not eroded.

"Singapore has to: first, stay open... second, stay ahead of the competition and ahead of the curve."

MPs raised the MHA budget and measures against tech-enabled crime. The government replied that a new clearance concept lifts border security and efficiency, using AI to strengthen risk assessment and automation while cutting manpower needs. The debate focused on AI-enabled crime challenges and HR pressure; the government emphasised transformation and reskilling, reflecting growing focus on integrating security and technology.

"Criminals are exploiting technology, in particular, artificial intelligence (AI), to carry out more sophisticated crimes and to hit more victims."

MPs asked how the government partners community groups and the public to safeguard Singapore's racial and religious harmony and respond to the global trust deficit in public institutions. They highlighted the threat of rumours and misinformation to social cohesion and called for collective effort. The government response is not included in the excerpt; the core debate is on balancing policy enforcement with community participation to strengthen public trust in law-enforcement institutions.

"Trust in public institutions, especially those responsible for law and order, is essential."

MPs asked about the changing international security environment and its impact on Singapore's defence budget, focusing on US-China tensions, the wavering rules-based order, and regional security risks. The government stressed the importance of defence and the SAF for national security and called for sustained, strong defensive capability to handle complex and shifting global conditions. The core debate: the stability of international alliances and how Singapore should adjust its defence strategy.

"the rules based system and the alliances that formed post-World War II appears to be under threat."

An MP asked whether the government is considering restrictions on public officers using DeepSeek, similar to bans imposed on government devices in some other countries. The government replied that it has policy frameworks for assessing technology suitability and balances security with innovation, without directly addressing DeepSeek. Asked whether the government's in-house AI tool Pair relies on overseas commercial platforms, the government did not elaborate publicly and said it could follow up privately. The core debate: the government's attitude toward specific commercial AI products and the transparency of data security.

"The Government has policies, frameworks and processes to guide the use of technology in the public sector."

The parliamentary debate centred on Budget 2025, focusing on how to navigate global political-economic shifts and technological change — especially the impact of frontier technologies such as AI on the economy and society. The government emphasised supporting families and firms while actively positioning for future growth via tech innovation and talent development. The core debate: how to balance short-term support with long-term transformation, and the employment and governance challenges raised by AI.

"Game-changing technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, 5G/6G... will change how we work and live."

MPs asked about the impact of US export controls on Singapore's semiconductor industry and economy, and how the government will prevent firms from using Singapore to bypass US restrictions. The government stressed that Singapore is a transparent, rule-of-law international business hub that cracks down on violations and protects national reputation. The core debate: whether Singapore is placed in the second tier of US export controls and how trust with the US can be rebuilt.

"Singapore is a stable, trusted, reliable and well-connected international business hub."

An MP asked how the US 2025 AI diffusion rule and export controls affect Singapore's ability to import high-end chips and its AI competitiveness. The government replied that the rule is not yet final; it is closely monitoring and engaging firms, and will act when needed to protect Singapore-based firms' access to high-end US technology. The core debate: Singapore not being on the exception list may affect technology imports and competitiveness.

"We are closely monitoring the situation and engaging companies on the potential impact."

An MP asked why the government decided to stop the practice of partially masking NRIC numbers and whether the AI era has accelerated reverse-engineering risks for personal data. The government replied that this would be addressed in detail the next day via a Ministerial Statement. The core debate: balancing data privacy protection with the security challenges of advancing technology.

"This Parliamentary Question will be addressed through a Ministerial Statement by the Minister for Digital Development and Information."

An MP asked whether the government will introduce guidelines on employers' use of automated decision-making tools to prevent hiring and promotion bias, recommending bias audits and disclosure. The Manpower Minister replied that the existing Tripartite Guidelines on Fair Employment Practices already cover fair-employment principles, no related complaints have been received, AI is evolving fast, and the government will keep monitoring and work with relevant bodies to assess the applicability of current rules. MPs followed up on data privacy and employee consent; the government said it will consider improvements but cautioned against over-restriction.

"AI technologies are evolving at a fast pace. In deploying AI-powered HR tools, organisations should refer to the guidelines introduced by the Government."

An MP asked about progress over the past three years in developing IT and AI professionals through Career Conversion Programmes, plus plans for the next three to five years. The government cited training results from SkillsFuture and CCPs, emphasising expanded mid-career training and industry partnerships. MPs focused on the gap between current AI professional numbers and targets, and on private-sector participation — reflecting the core debate over training scale versus targets.

"The Ministry has stated that they want to convert 5,000 mid-career professionals to AI professionals over the next three to five years."

An MP asked about the scale of Singapore's AI-specific compute, plans for a national cloud, and the related legal framework. The government replied that Singapore's data centre capacity leads the region, AI compute is dynamically allocated, demand is met via the National Supercomputing Centre and commercial cloud, and there is no current mandate for private data centres to contribute compute. The core debate: whether legislation should mandate private-sector participation in a national cloud.

"Our compute needs for AI research are being met through a combination of on-premise and commercial cloud capacities."

Questions focused on how social media accelerates youth radicalisation, AI's role in radicalisation over the next five years, and the response plan. The government replied that online platforms and algorithms amplify extremist content, and AI will accelerate radicalisation and assist terrorist propaganda. It uses legislation and cross-agency coordination — blocking extremist content and community outreach — as a combined response. The core debate: the technology-driven acceleration of radicalisation and the difficulty of content regulation.

"AI can quickly auto-translate existing propaganda into multiple languages and create personalised messages at scale."

An MP asked about female enrolment and graduation rates in AI and machine learning programmes at Singapore's IHLs over the past five years, comparison with male students, and measures to lift female participation. The government replied that women make up about a quarter of enrolment, with graduation rates above 90%, and outlined multiple programmes and partnerships to push women's participation in AI/STEM. The core debate: low female participation and how to effectively raise it.

"female students comprised about a quarter of enrolment in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning programmes"

Questions focused on the gender gap in Singapore's AI adoption (especially generative AI) and acceptance among different groups. The government replied that Singapore women's tech-sector share outperforms the global average and women make up a notable share of generative AI users. It outlined multiple AI education and training programmes for different groups, emphasising inclusion and broad reach. The core debate: how to design more effective targeted strategies for specific groups.

"Women in Singapore are doing well compared to the global average."

An MP asked about the accuracy of the government's deepfake detection tools, how to distinguish harmful deepfakes from legitimate political satire, and how false positives are handled. The government replied that tools are constantly updated and accuracy rates are not published, with harmful content addressed under POFMA; satire is not automatically unlawful. It is studying international experience on whether further election-safety safeguards are needed. The core debate: balance between technical transparency and free speech.

"We do not publish their accuracy levels as our tools are constantly being updated to keep up with technology."

An MP asked whether Industry Transformation Maps will be updated to factor in AI's impact on skills training, and whether Training Continuity Maps should be set up to safeguard deep-skill talent. The government replied that 23 ITMs have been refreshed, Jobs Transformation Maps have been launched to support job redesign and reskilling, and multiple AI-related training programmes are running. It emphasised using government-industry collaboration to lift Singaporeans' AI skills and drive employment transition. The core debate: how to balance AI substitution with cultivation of deep-skill talent.

"ITMs are dynamic plans that respond to changes in the operating environment, such as the emergence of potentially disruptive technologies."

MP Christopher de Souza asked whether the police are tracking the number of scams perpetrated through deepfake video and images. Home Affairs Minister K Shanmugam replied that the police are not specifically tracking such cases — some reports have been received but the numbers are not high. The core debate: how seriously the government treats deepfake-enabled scams and the transparency of the data.

"the Police have not been tracking the number of such cases."

An MP asked whether MNCs are leaving Changi Business Park due to cost factors and what is causing perceived decline in Singapore's business appeal — and how the government plans to respond. The government replied that Singapore's economy remains highly competitive and continues to attract major investment, while acknowledging some firms are adjusting footprints due to market and working-model changes. It will keep the environment attractive through R&D investment, talent development, and fiscal incentives. The core debate: how to balance cost and innovation to prevent firm relocation.

"We will introduce a new Refundable Investment Credit for firms anchoring high-value and substantive economic activities in Singapore."

An MP asked about the number of AI voice-cloning scam cases in Singapore and the government's response. The government replied that case numbers are not high and the police are not specifically tracking such scams, but it has taken measures including terminating communication lines linked to scams and limiting the number of post-paid SIM cards. It stressed the importance of whole-of-society scam prevention and urged the public to strengthen awareness. The core debate: lack of transparency on specific case data and the reality of the technological threat.

"If each of us play our part, we can collectively have a better chance of reducing our losses to scammers."

An MP asked whether the PDPA includes a right to deletion of personal data and the available recourse. The government replied that the law requires organisations to stop retaining or properly dispose of personal data when no longer needed, with or without consent, and the Personal Data Protection Commission has the power to direct organisations to destroy or stop using such data. The core debate: whether there is an explicit "right to erasure" clause and how it is enforced.

"The Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC) has the power to direct the organisation to destroy, or stop collecting, using or disclosing, the personal data concerned."

MPs asked about the release timeline of the Shared Responsibility Framework for phishing scams, take-up of Money Lock, and whether banks would be required to participate. The government replied that the framework will be released within 2024, more than 78,000 Money Lock accounts have been opened (mainly users aged 50+), and MAS will not mandate bank participation for now. MPs focused on overseas experience and elderly digital literacy; the government emphasised stronger publicity.

"The Government will take into account suggestions and feedback received from the public consultation on the Shared Responsibility Framework."

MPs asked MOH about progress and scale-up of hospital-at-home services and whether MediShield Life and MediSave can support home-care claims. They also questioned whether current Activities of Daily Living (ADL) assessment criteria are reasonable, calling for more flexible consideration of patient need. The core debate: whether home-care coverage and subsidy mechanisms are sufficient to support patients and their families.

"Can the Ministry of Health (MOH) provide an update on the progress of these efforts? Are they being scaled up?"

An MP asked whether MOE requires secondary school teachers to be familiar with emerging career pathways and skills under future economic clusters. MOE replied that teachers can learn from in-school Education and Career Guidance (ECG) counsellors and industry exchange events, with HQ sending quarterly newsletters. Students are encouraged to actively use the MySkillsFuture platform and related organisation resources. The core debate: whether the frequency and depth of teachers' updates on emerging careers are sufficient.

"Our secondary school teachers can learn about trends in career pathways and skills in demand from Education and Career Guidance (ECG) counsellors in the school."

An MP asked about the risks and benefits of widespread facial recognition technology (FRT) adoption in Singapore, the regulatory framework, and public engagement. The government replied that facial images, as biometric data, fall under the PDPA, security uses dominate, and existing guidance and governance frameworks ensure responsible, ethical use. The core debate: balancing technology adoption with privacy protection.

"Facial images as a form of biometric data, can be considered personal data when associated with other information about an individual."

MPs asked how Singapore will drive growth under land, manpower and carbon constraints, focusing on the opportunities and challenges from emerging technologies like generative AI. The government emphasised keeping the country attractive for investment, strengthening manufacturing and services, and lifting infrastructure and talent development, with policy stability to handle global competition and tech change. The core debate: balancing innovation with a solid economic base.

"The rapid rise of new disruptive technologies such as generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) presents both challenges and opportunities to Singapore."

MPs asked how Singapore will strengthen digital infrastructure and talent development in the AI era, stressing that AI brings both opportunity and risk and that humans must remain in control. The government replied that it will keep stepping up investment, drive National AI Strategy 2.0, lift network speeds and compute, and safeguard digital trust. The core debate: balance between tech progress and safety/ethics, and whether investment is sufficient.

"Singapore believes that AI can be a potent force for good – to uplift human potential and to unlock economic opportunities."

MPs stressed that education must adapt to rapid technological change, especially the challenges from generative AI, calling for expanded upskilling courses and support for students' diverse development. The government acknowledged the system's resilience and international performance and committed to building students' adaptability and creativity. The core debate: balancing traditional teaching with cultivation of emerging skills, and broadening the scope of funding use.

"We do not rely on a single vitamin for our health needs. Why then should we expect learners to follow a singular academic path?"

An MP asked whether Singapore — the fastest adopter of generative AI in Asia-Pacific — is underestimating the AI-driven job-loss risk, whether the government will assess the scale of AI-induced job displacement, and how to incentivise firms to invest early in upskilling. The government replied that this topic will be addressed in detail at the MCI Committee of Supply debate, without directly answering the specifics — indicating the issue is still at the policy-deliberation stage, with concerns over transparency and response strategy.

"I seek his understanding that this topic will be addressed at the Committee of Supply debate for the Ministry of Communications and Information."

MPs asked MINDEF about its tracking of global and regional security trends, focusing on the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war and Middle East conflict on Singapore's security. The government emphasised the volatility of the international order and the challenges from cyber and information warfare, indicating it will keep watching and adjusting defence strategy to handle a complex, shifting security environment. The core debate: balancing budget allocation with response to emerging security threats.

"The world is likely be more volatile and unpredictable in the coming year."

MP Sharael Taha questioned the Budget's focus on long-term sustainability, pointing to a tension between residents' expectations for short-term cash support and concerns about long-term development. DPM Lawrence Wong replied that the international environment is increasingly complex, with the post-Cold War world now more conflict-prone and uncertain. The core debate: how to balance immediate cost-of-living needs with future economic security, and the policy response under new conditions.

"The three decades of peace and stability in the post-Cold War era is now over."

The debate focused on the path to economic growth in Singapore's Budget 2024, against a backdrop of global slowdown, high inflation and rising geopolitical uncertainty. The government emphasised structural reform and support for firms and households to navigate challenges, driving long-term sustainability. References to tech innovation, automation, and AI's impact on jobs and industry competitiveness reflected concern over AI governance and industrial development. The core debate: how to balance growth with social protection and respond to rising global protectionism.

"Technological innovations, including automation and AI, are reshaping jobs and competitiveness across industries and countries."

The debate centred on Budget 2024, with questions on government transparency, social fairness, and retirement security. The government adopted some opposition proposals, such as a temporary unemployment assistance scheme. The core debate: whether the government is genuinely open to diverse views, and how to narrow the gap between ideals and reality.

"The real challenge to the People's Action Party (PAP), however, is for it to be open, and the extent to which it is prepared to accommodate the diverse views of Singaporeans."

An MP asked whether the government has set specific targets for Singapore's global share of compute over the next 5–10 years. The government replied that no such target has been set, emphasising that compute demand is dynamic. MPs followed up on data centre construction and sustainability; the government said it supports building data centres that meet environmental standards and pushes digitalisation to lift jobs and skills. The core debate: whether explicit targets should be set, and how to balance growth with environmental protection.

"No such target has been set. The amount of computing resources needed in Singapore will depend on the workloads."

MPs asked about the impact of global economic uncertainty and geopolitical risk on Singapore's economy. The government replied that 2023 growth was modest but avoided recession; the 2024 outlook is cautiously optimistic, with rising global conflict bringing challenges. The core debate: balancing growth with geopolitical risk, and the government's fiscal-policy response.

"The post-Cold War era that began in the early 1990s and fostered three decades of peace and stability is over."

An MP asked about the government's regulation and prevention measures against deepfake software used in scams. The government replied that the Online Criminal Harms Act (OCHA) authorises action on online platforms, and it is pushing technology R&D and industry collaboration while strengthening public education to improve detection and response. The core debate: how to effectively curb deepfake abuse and protect online safety and public interest.

"The Online Criminal Harms Act (OCHA) allows the Government to issue directions to online platforms to prevent potential scam related accounts or content."

An MP asked how the government helps the public understand AI and its capabilities to combat cybercrime and deepfake content. The government cited cross-agency cybersecurity work, the OCHA's powers over platforms, R&D on deepfake detection, and multiple public education campaigns. The core debate: how to effectively combine technology and education to lift public awareness and capability.

"The Online Criminal Harms Act (OCHA) allows the Government to issue directions to online platforms to prevent potential scam related accounts or content."

MPs raised a trust crisis and cybersecurity challenges in the digitalisation drive, stressing growing online harms like scams. The government cited Singapore's digital-economy progress and forward-looking infrastructure, committing to a whole-of-nation approach to digital risk. The core debate: balancing digitalisation with public safety and trust.

"Scams often operate in the dark corners of the digital realm, exploiting vulnerabilities and thriving in unsuspecting spaces."

MPs raised digitalisation's impact on the workforce, AI's effects, and mental-health issues. The government emphasised AI opportunities, ran upskilling programmes to support transition, and focused on digital inclusion and mental health. The core debate: AI's impact on employment and society and the response strategy.

"The competition is not between "man" and "machine" but which economy and society can better use technology to improve our competitiveness and our lives."

MPs asked MOE how it will develop baseline AI literacy for students beyond the AI tools on Singapore Student Learning Space, including plans for AI coding programmes and who would deliver them. The Education Minister replied that MOE drives student understanding of AI and its ethics through curriculum integration, teacher training, and out-of-school programmes like the AI Student Outreach Programme, with cyber wellness education to guard against AI risks. The core debate: how to effectively lift student AI skills and expand programme participation.

"MOE develops students’ foundational knowledge of AI and promotes its safe and responsible use."

MPs asked which job categories face the highest displacement risk from AI, the projected numbers for each, and what expanded reskilling programmes are available. The government replied that AI's impact is not fully predictable; it runs Industry Transformation Maps, SkillsFuture and similar programmes to support upskilling and career conversion, and encourages transition into AI roles — reflecting an active stance on AI challenges. The core debate: AI's specific employment impact and the effectiveness of reskilling.

"Artificial intelligence (AI) development is changing every day and its impact on the workforce is not fully predictable."

MPs asked how the government will balance the compute growth required by NAIS 2.0 with energy sustainability goals. The government replied that it lifts data centre efficiency, promotes liquid cooling, sets green standards, and supports green compute methods to keep AI infrastructure environmentally sustainable. The core debate: reconciling AI development needs with climate commitments.

"The Government is committed to anchoring the necessary compute power and growing the DC sector in a sustainable manner."

An MP asked what proportion of students have gone through the Code for Fun (CFF) programme since 2019, how digital literacy is ensured for students who didn't take it, and how the curriculum will be updated to develop AI talent. The government replied that since 2020 CFF is mandatory at upper primary, around two-thirds of secondary schools offer it, and over 50,000 students are covered each year. From 2025, AI and data literacy will be added, supported by both formal curriculum and co-curricular activities. The core debate: how to ensure digital fundamentals for non-participants and keep the curriculum updated.

"Since 2020, it has been mandatory for all upper primary school students to go through CFF or a comparable coding programme."

An MP asked, regarding a data breach at a Singapore luxury resort operator's loyalty programme, when the incident was reported and why notification was delayed. The Communications and Information Minister replied that the incident was reported to the regulator within the required timeframe, with delayed user notification due to prioritising containment, impact assessment and confirming notification requirements. The regulator is investigating whether the breach caused significant harm and whether notification was timely.

"Singapore takes breaches of personal data seriously."

An MP asked about the government's policy on safe, responsible AI development in Singapore and the next steps in governance. The government replied that it has explained its approach multiple times, supports international cooperation and standards alignment, encourages firms to participate in AI ethics certification, and deepens AI governance collaboration through bilateral and multilateral mechanisms. The core debate: balancing tech progress with ethics/safety and the concrete implementation of international cooperation.

"Singapore has been consistent in our support for international efforts that enhance alignment on AI governance."

An MP asked whether the government has a whole-of-government plan to develop indigenous foundation-model capability, including a national research institute. The government replied that Singapore's AI research is strong, but full reliance on indigenous capability is not the priority — it leans toward rapidly adopting international frontier technology. The core debate: whether to build foundation models in-house and the related long-term risks.

"It is not usually necessary or beneficial to rely solely on indigenous capabilities to advance our economic interests."

An MP asked how the Singapore Police Force is using AI in enforcement, whether outcomes have improved, and the future direction. The government replied that AI is already used to combat child sexual abuse material and identify scam content, lifting investigation efficiency, and it will continue partnering with relevant agencies to push AI use in policing. The core debate: the actual effectiveness and future potential of AI.

"The Singapore Police Force (SPF) has been leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance its capabilities and operational effectiveness."

The question focused on AI in financial trading platforms — risks of "herding" effects and conflicts of interest. The government replied that MAS uses technology-neutral regulation, applies FEAT principles for fairness and transparency, and views current AI use as still early-stage with relatively low risk — but will continue monitoring and collaborate with industry on responsible AI use.

"MAS requires regulated financial institutions to have controls in place to avoid or mitigate conflicts between their interests and those of their customers."

MPs asked whether the government is studying the feasibility of an AI regulator and the state of international cooperation. The government emphasised a practical, risk-based governance approach, opposed one-size-fits-all regulation, cited existing IMDA and PDPC AI governance initiatives, and stressed the importance of international cooperation. The core debate: whether to establish a dedicated AI regulator and how to balance innovation with risk management.

"We cannot and should not adopt a one-size-fits-all approach to regulate it."

The debate focused on continuing support for healthcare beyond the pandemic, with particular emphasis on mental health in academia. MPs noted that academic pressure drives high rates of anxiety and depression among researchers and graduate students, calling for attention to mental health. The government did not respond directly. The core debate: balancing academic performance pressure with mental-health protection.

"graduate students are more than six times as likely to experience anxiety and depression compared to the general population."

Dr Tan Yia Swam (NMP) called for sustainable post-pandemic support of the healthcare system, emphasising the complexity of doctor-patient relationships and limited healthcare resources. She urged a whole-of-government approach addressing healthcare expenditure, chronic-disease management, and care quality. The debate focused on the balance between healthcare costs, patient rights, and doctor responsibilities — reflecting concern over the system's long-term development.

"Why does anyone stand up to advocate for certain causes? We want to leave behind a better world than what we were born in."

The question focused on how to advance ethical AI consistent with human values and maintain standards. The government cited Singapore's existing AI governance framework, self-assessment tools, and personal-data use guidance, emphasising accountability and data security. MPs focused on responsibility allocation and AI labelling. The core debate: how to operationalise accountability and transparency.

"Singapore supports the responsible development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI), so that its benefits may be enjoyed in a trusted and safe manner."

An MP asked how the Public Service plans to use new AI technologies such as ChatGPT in e-government services and whether they will replace existing chatbots. The government replied that AI is already used in multiple digital services and that new technology can lift quality and efficiency, but accuracy and reliability must come first; usage guidance will be developed to safeguard accountability and data security. The core debate: balancing safety with usefulness in deployment.

"We must, however, ensure the accuracy and reliability of responses before such service enhancements can be deployed for public use."

The question centred on the concept of "indivisible security" and its invocation in the Russia-Ukraine war. The government emphasised that sovereignty, self-determination, and territorial integrity are foundational principles of international law, and that Russia's invocation of indivisible security to justify invading Ukraine is not recognised. The core debate: whether indivisible security is itself a principle of international law — the government clearly rejected its legal status, noting the concept has been cited by both Russia and the US but has no legal force.

"Indivisible Security is not of the same status as self-determination, sovereignty, or territorial integrity and the non-recourse to use of force."

The question concerned disputes where unauthorised bank transactions occurred despite the customer not receiving SMS OTPs. The government replied that such cases are very rare, with no police reports and only a small number filed at the Financial Industry Disputes Resolution Centre. Customers should contact their bank and the police promptly; banks must handle disputes fairly and may offer goodwill compensation, while customers can pursue mediation or legal channels. MPs focused on the review mechanism when bank and telco records conflict, and preparation for future scams.

"MAS expects banks to treat customers fairly in all cases of disputes over unauthorised transactions."

The question focused on the credibility of AI-based diagnostic solutions and the regulatory considerations for wider adoption. The government noted AI is already widely used in Singapore healthcare, with safety, clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness as preconditions for adoption. It outlined the existing regulatory framework, upcoming governance guidance, and ethical considerations. The core debate: balancing tech innovation with safety oversight.

"The Ministry of Health (MOH) is open to the use of AI technologies in healthcare where they are proven to be safe, clinically efficacious and cost-effective."

MPs focused on whether Singapore is studying EU and China AI regulatory frameworks, the priority areas, and the legislative timeline. The government cited the existing Model AI Governance Framework and the AI Verify tool, emphasised ongoing review of regulatory strategy, and planned guidance on personal data protection. MPs followed up on specific risks like AI-enabled scams; the government noted AI is a group of technologies and emphasised the need to differentiate among them, reflecting a cautious approach to regulation.

"AI is a group of technologies. Currently, there is a lot of excitement around ChatGPT."

MPs raised the impact of an ageing workforce and demographic shifts on Singapore's economy, noting that some sectors have a high share of older workers and may face rapid future labour outflow. They emphasised challenges from tech change and shifting work attitudes, urging attention to flexible work arrangements. The government did not respond directly. The core debate: how to manage employment-structure adjustment from ageing and technological change.

"Technology, digitisation and artificial intelligence (AI) have already changed the nature of many jobs."

MPs asked how Singapore balances data use with user protection in the digital economy, focusing on online-safety legislation progress and regulation of emerging areas like the metaverse. They stressed that rules must protect users without stifling innovation, especially SME digitalisation. The government's response is not yet detailed in the excerpt. The core debate: balancing the digital economy with cybersecurity.

"We must protect our people online just as we do in the real world."

MPs raised the education budget and career-guidance support, emphasising educators' contributions during the pandemic and the importance of future skills development. They proposed stronger career counselling for youth and working adults and broader use of SkillsFuture Credit for lifelong learning. The government has not yet responded in this excerpt. The core debate: how to better support youth career development and skills matching.

"We owe it to our youth, especially those who have given up much during the pandemic years, to help them get a strong footing on the career ladder."

MPs asked MINDEF for its assessment of the global and regional security situation, focusing on US-China strategic competition, the Russia-Ukraine war, and North Korean missile tests. The government acknowledged concerns over the erosion of multilateralism and increasingly complex regional security, stressing Singapore must strengthen defence readiness for uncertainty. The core debate: balancing defence investment with regional diplomatic strategy to safeguard national security and stability.

"Every time an act of aggression takes place without consequences for the aggressor, the more each country has to fear for its own safety."

An MP asked how MOE will manage the use of AI tools like ChatGPT in schools. The government replied that AI tools bring both opportunities and challenges, and emphasised teacher guidance, digital literacy education, and diversified assessment to prevent misuse, while cultivating student integrity and responsibility. The core debate: balancing AI-assisted learning with preventing academic misconduct.

"When used appropriately, these tools can support students in their learning when students have mastered basic concepts and thinking skills."

MPs asked about ChatGPT and similar AI's impact on student coursework and exams, cheating concerns, and the educational response. The Education Minister replied that AI brings opportunities and challenges, MOE provides teacher guidance and resources, and supports reasonable AI use while emphasising mastery of fundamentals — preventing over-reliance and cheating. The core debate: balancing AI-assisted learning with prevention of academic misconduct.

"ChatGPT can be a useful tool for learning only when students have mastered basic concepts and thinking skills."

The question focused on AI's impact (e.g. ChatGPT) on the integrity of online exams and assignments. The government replied that the technology brings both opportunities and challenges; schools and IHLs use clear rules, invigilation measures, and diversified assessment to deter misconduct, alongside continuous student education on integrity, and will adjust strategy as AI evolves. The core debate: balancing AI-assisted learning with cheating prevention.

"ChatGPT and similar generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools present both opportunities and challenges for teaching and learning."

The question asked whether Malaysia's intended legal action at the ICJ would affect Singapore's reclamation works around Pedra Branca. The Foreign Minister replied that the 2008 ICJ judgment is final, the time limit has passed, and Singapore has not received specific case details from Malaysia. Singapore stands ready to handle any legal action; all development is law-compliant. The core debate: sovereignty and the time limits of legal procedure.

"Singapore stands ready to deal with whatever legal action Malaysia may pursue."

The question asked whether a minimum age for social media should be set and what overseas age-verification experience could inform Singapore. The government replied that most major platforms require users to be 13+, with AI used to detect minor accounts, but accurate age verification is technically difficult and raises child-data-protection issues. The government will roll out a Code of Practice on Online Safety to strengthen protection for young users while encouraging active parental guidance. The core debate: feasibility of age-verification technology and balance with data privacy.

"Age verification, to a high degree of certainty, is technically difficult and the technology continues to evolve."

MPs asked how the government balances investment in digital infrastructure and tech innovation (6G, Web 4.0) with digital inclusion of vulnerable groups to prevent a widening digital divide. They focused on the timeliness and proportionality of digital regulation, especially in emerging areas like crypto and the metaverse. The government must balance economic vitality with social cohesion, making sure the whole population stays included and safe.

"Singapore has to continually invest in next bound infrastructure and our people."

MPs asked MINDEF about progress on updating the medical classification system, focusing on how to make operational-fitness assessment and job matching more thorough. The government replied that the system aims to lift HR efficiency by combining servicemen's skills with their professional background. The core debate: how to make assessment thorough and ensure skills are properly matched in deployment.

"The review will focus on the operational effectiveness of each individual instead of a binary classification."

MPs raised the defence budget, stressing that the Russia-Ukraine war underlines the importance of small-state self-defence and the threat of information warfare. The debate focused on geopolitical tension, tech competition, and the security impact of cyber and information warfare. The government emphasised strengthening self-defence and tech defence capabilities. The core debate: balancing the budget with response to emerging security threats.

"We cannot assume other countries will come to our assistance when we are at war."

An MP asked how Singapore's low fertility rate affects SAF strength. The Defence Minister replied that MINDEF has long built manpower needs into strategic planning and uses technology to lift force effectiveness — automated radar, unmanned vessels, AI applications — continuously optimising HR so that defence capability is not weakened by smaller cohorts.

"The SAF will have to incorporate advancements in robotics, data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) to further improve its work processes and raise productivity."

An MP asked MCI about its initiatives to grow the AI scene and its deployment in Singapore. The government cited the National AI Strategy and the five National AI Projects, stressing industry-academia-research collaboration, funding, and talent development to drive AI innovation and adoption while prioritising governance and international cooperation. The core debate: balancing tech development with ethics oversight to keep AI safe and trustworthy.

"The National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy outlines our plans for Singapore to be a leader in developing and deploying scalable, impactful AI solutions."

Questions focused on progress of the adaptive learning initiative in schools, pilot arrangements, and infrastructure development. The Education Minister replied that the initiative is part of the National AI Strategy, emphasised teachers' central role, and said the 2022 pilot will start with mathematics in selected schools and later expand to more subjects and grades. The system will be integrated into Singapore Student Learning Space for easy access and resource integration. The core debate: balancing technology with teachers' role, and how pilot effectiveness shapes scale-up.

"The system will use machine learning to tell how each student responds to learning materials and activities, and customise learning for each student."

MPs asked how the government will develop digital leadership talent and push women into tech, proposing a mentorship programme and raising concerns about gender imbalance. The government has launched multiple talent programmes but specific measures for digital leadership and female participation are not yet clear. The core debate: how to effectively attract and retain top tech talent and close the gender gap.

"We need data to innovate and we need people to get things done."

MPs asked whether TraceTogether data would be used in criminal investigations and what legal safeguards apply. The government replied that the police can obtain such data under the Criminal Procedure Code, with strict access controls and penalties to protect data security. The debate centred on whether the data should be restricted to pandemic use, and whether use in criminal investigations would erode public trust and uptake.

"The Government is the custodian of the TT data submitted by individuals, and stringent measures are in place to safeguard this personal data."

An MP asked whether 2020 CPF contribution records could replace 2018 income and other criteria for GST Voucher eligibility, especially for low-income self-employed people. The government replied that GST Voucher eligibility uses a comprehensive Assessable Income (AI) measure; CPF records only reflect part of income. Flexible appeal mechanisms and pandemic-specific support are in place to keep assistance targeted. The core debate: whether eligibility criteria should be adjusted to reflect the pandemic's impact. (Note: "AI" here refers to Assessable Income, not artificial intelligence.)

"AI is more comprehensive, and is a better reflection of an individual's means and income, regardless of source."

MPs asked about civil-service training in procurement processes and IT control gaps, focusing on whether refresher training and systemic issues exist. The government acknowledged the AGO's findings on IT control weaknesses, explaining that the government IT estate is complex and decentralised, manual privilege adjustments are error-prone, and the Smart Nation and Digital Government Group is driving automation, gradually deploying new tools to reduce errors.

"Actions have been taken at the whole-of-Government level to address the gaps identified."

An MP asked whether the government is considering binding regulations on locally deployed AI systems to ensure ethical and safe use. The government replied that AI is still nascent and there are no immediate legislative plans, but multiple initiatives are in place to promote safe and ethical use — the Model AI Governance Framework, the ethics advisory council, and related research — and it will keep tracking global developments to balance regulation with innovation.

"As AI technology is still nascent, MCI does not have immediate plans to introduce new laws to regulate AI."

MPs raised data-sharing, privacy protection, design-thinking innovation, and AI ethics frameworks in the digital transformation, focusing on Singapore's challenges with limited data scale and SME digitalisation capability. The government addressed digital trade agreements, data privacy principles, and innovation-driving measures, emphasising the development of an AI ethics framework. The core debate: balancing data sharing with privacy protection and lifting local-firm digital capability.

"Traditional factors like land, labour, capital, or ageing population are no longer hard constraints in the digital economy."

MPs raised the defence budget and response to emerging threats, emphasising security challenges from great-power competition and regional instability. The government replied that Singapore must use tech innovation and equipment upgrades (e.g. the F-35 fighter) to address smaller manpower and limited training space. The core debate: balancing limited resources with evolving security threats.

"The only way forward for SAF is to evolve, to invest in technology so that we can do more with less resources."

MPs asked whether government support for firms going international is adequate, particularly in emerging and frontier markets. They stressed the pandemic underscores the importance of market diversification and focused on how government economic agencies and business chambers help firms navigate a complex international environment. The core debate: the strength of government support and the effectiveness of market-diversification strategy.

"We need to continually expand and upgrade our network of trade partnerships and investment agreements."

MPs asked about the government's considerations and safeguards when disclosing personal data while addressing public complaints. The government replied that disclosure is to correct inaccuracies and protect public trust, is limited to what is necessary, and that privacy is preserved; multiple service channels protect grievances. The core debate: how to balance information disclosure with personal privacy.

"Government agencies sometimes need to disclose personal data in the public interest, to counter inaccuracies about the Government’s processes or policies."

An MP asked about the progress of the Advisory Council on the Ethical Use of AI and Data, formed in 2018. The government replied that the council has driven the development and rollout of Singapore's AI governance framework, encouraging responsible AI and data use by organisations and lifting public trust. The core debate: how to ensure that commercial use of data without informed consent meets ethical standards.