Training side — among the world's most permissive · Updated 2026-04-26
IPOS — When Code Creates: AI Authorship Position Paper
Core Point
Clarifies IPOS's position on authorship of AI-generated content: copyright can be asserted only where a human has made a substantive creative contribution.
Detailed Note
"When Code Creates" is IPOS's 2024 official position paper on copyright authorship in the era of generative AI. Core position: fully AI-generated output with no substantive human creative input does not qualify as a "work" under copyright law; but where a human makes substantive creative choices (prompt design, output curation, iterative refinement), that human can claim authorship. This diverges from the UK's 1988 "computer-generated works without an author" model and aligns more closely with the US Copyright Office position.
Position in the Legal Framework
The "Computational Data Analysis" exception immunises the use of training data for AI, on par with Article 30-4 of Japan's Copyright Act. The United States is still litigating fair use case-by-case and the EU relies on an opt-out TDM exception — Singapore and Japan are currently the only two jurisdictions to write this carve-out explicitly into statute.